Cited by 559Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchPhytochemistry Medicinal Plant ApplicationsForensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis

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Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa Constituent

Machado Bergamaschi, Mateus, Helena Costa Queiroz, Regina, Waldo Zuardi, Antonio, Alexandre S. Crippa, Jose·2011·Current Drug Safety

DOI 10.2174/157488611798280924

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Abstract

Cannabidiol (CBD), a major nonpsychotropic constituent of Cannabis, has multiple pharmacological actions, including anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antiemetic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, little is known about its safety and side effect profile in animals and humans. This review describes in vivo and in vitro reports of CBD administration across a wide range of concentrations, based on reports retrieved from Web of Science, Scielo and Medline. The keywords searched were "cannabinoids", "cannabidiol" and "side effects". Several studies suggest that CBD is non-toxic in non-transformed cells and does not induce changes on food intake, does not induce catalepsy, does not affect physiological parameters (heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature), does not affect gastrointestinal transit and does not alter psychomotor or psychological functions. Also, chronic use and high doses up to 1,500 mg/day of CBD are reportedly well tolerated in humans. Conversely, some studies reported that this cannabinoid can induce some side effects, including inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism, alterations of in vitro cell viability, decreased fertilization capacity, and decreased activities of p-glycoprotein and other drug transporters. Based on recent advances in cannabinoid administration in humans, controlled CBD may be safe in humans and animals. However, further studies are needed to clarify these reported in vitro and in vivo side effects.

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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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“Unlike delta- 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, CBD does not produce hedonic nor psy - chotomimetic effects and is generally well tolerated, making it an attractive candidate for clinical use (Franco et al., 2021 ; Machado Bergamaschi et al., 2011 ; Park et al., 2020).”
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The role of THC and CBD in dentistry – a review of impacts on oral health
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“N Studies suggest that fibroblasts incubated with CBD at concentrations ranging from 0.01 – 30 µM effectively manage periodontal diseases by modulating inflammation and oxidative stress within gingival tissues, thereby protecting against periodontal degradation.”
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Zavala‐Tecuapetla, C., Canseco-Alba, A., Manjarrez-Marmolejo, J., & Sánchez-Hernández, J. (2025) · eNeurobiología · doi:10.25009/eb.v16i40.2636
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Bhattacharyya, S., Davies, C., Carter, B., McGuire, P. K., Brammer, M. J., Fusar‐Poli, P., Broome, M. R., Watson, S., Pérez, J., & Yung, A. R. (2024) · Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation · doi:10.3310/ynfh9826 · Cited by 1
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O’Neill, A., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2017) · Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology · doi:10.14218/jerp.2017.00009 · Cited by 1
“59 61 All of these factors combine to make CBD an ideal tool for the safe perturbation of the eCB system in a pharmacologi-DOI O’Neill A. et al: Endocannabinoid system and psychosis J Explor Res Pharmacol cal challenge paradigm, and will allow the further investigation of abnormalities of the eCB…”
Method
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“[30] w 2011 roku zaprezentowali metaanalizę obejmującą 132 publikacji przedstawiających wyniki różnokierunkowych badań eksperymentalnych i klinicznych CBD.”
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“Additionally, CBD is generally well tolerated [5,6], it is not psychotropic, adverse events and side effects are rare and seem to resolve on their own with time.”
Background
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Steiner, G. Z., Coles, M., Jaye, K. M., Metri, N., Butt, A. S., Christofides, K., McPartland, J., Al-Modhefer, Z., Karamacoska, D., Russo, E. B., et al. (2023) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5652-1.ch001 · Cited by 1
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Compagno, M. Z. K., Silver, C. R., Cox-Holmes, A. N., Basso, K. B. G., Bishop, C., Bernstein, A. M., Carley, A., Cazorla, J., Claydon, J., Crane, A., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.10.602955 · Cited by 1
Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria
de Mello, A. R., Ribeiro, N. P. D. O., de Oliveira, A. C., Hallak, J. E. C., Hallak, C., Alexandre, J., Crippa, S. V., Nardi, A. E., & Zuardi, A. W. (2012)
Subjecffve effects of cannabidiol in anxiety disorder and canabinoid excretion in chronic daily cannabis smokers during sustained abstinence
Bergamaschi, M. M. (2012) · doi:10.11606/t.60.2012.tde-11012013-102122
Cannabinoids Usage In The Fight Against Oncological Diseases
Kaloyanov, K. A., Yotova, M., Momekov, G., & Konstantinov, S. (2018) · Annual for Hospital Pharmacy · doi:10.14748/.v4i1.5512
“Интересно проучване, при клетъчна линия MCF-7 от карцином на гърда показало, че в доза (1 -10 µМ) КНБ не повлиява естрогеновите рецептори (Bergamaschi et al. 2011).”
Medical Assessment of Cannabis Efficacy and Side-effects Scale (MACESS©): a simple evidence-based scale to determine clinical benefits and adverse events following medical cannabis use
Silverstone, P. H. (2018) · Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.14738/assrj.512.5864
“[Bergamaschi et al, 2011].”
Is Cannabidiol the Cure-all Remedy we Have Been Looking for?
Ostrovsky, O. (2019) · American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research · doi:10.34297/ajbsr.2019.03.000645
Novel Biological Treatment Strategies
Amminger, G. P., & Berger, M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139839518.011
Efeitos da administração aguda do Canabidiol na ansiedade e nos tremores induzidos pelo teste de simulação de falar em público em pacientes com doença de Parkinson
de Faria, S. M. (2019) · doi:10.11606/d.17.2020.tde-25072019-143912
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Masataka, N. (2020) · Research outreach · doi:10.32907/ro-113-126129
Zur klinischen Wirksamkeit von Präparaten aus dem Hanf
Vlachojannis, J., & Chrubasik‐Hausmann, S. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie · doi:10.1055/a-0972-2419
“Tierexperimentell hatte CBD keinen Einfluss auf den Blutdruck, die Herzfrequenz und die Körpertemperatur und auch nicht auf psychomotorische Funktionen, die gastrointestinale Transitzeit und die Futteraufnahme [1].”
BackgroundInfluential
NegEnt: Cannabidiol-based Aromatherapy Theoretical Aspects, Pharmacology, Clinical and Research Perspectives, Economic and Social ImplicationsPreprint
Scrimali, T. (2020) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0124.v1
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Noor, M., & Zhang, Y. V. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815846-3.00048-x
Cannabinoids in Neurologic Conditions
Gaston, T. E., Szaflarski, J. P., Bowling, A. C., Liu, Y., Seawalt, T., Leehey, M. A., Nelson, E. L., Rajpal, S., Villavicencio, A. T., Bauer, A. M., et al. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45968-0_10
EFFECTS OF CANNABIS SATIVA EXTRACT AND ITS COMBINATION WITH VITAMIN-C ADMINISTRATION ON HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE TESTICULAR TISSUE OF MALE MICE
Khan, Z. S., Saeed, M., & Hamid, S. M. (2020) · Khyber Medical University Journal · doi:10.35845/kmuj.2020.19648
Efeitos agudos centrais do canabidiol por meio de neuroimagem funcional e sobre o reconhecimento de emoções faciais em pacientes com transtorno depressivo maior
Zamarrenho, L. G. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2020.tde-23082020-104553
Effect of a Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)/cannabidiol (CBD) formulation on cell monolayer viability and mitochondria integrity: Significance of the drug carrier/delivery system
Lipson Steven, M., Darcy, R., Lipson Heleen, P., & Gordon Ronald, E. (2020) · Archives of Nursing Practice and Care · doi:10.17352/2581-4265.000048
Reaching Out: Supporting Families and Carers Bereaved During COVID-19
von, B. B., Yin, Y. S., & Bernie, B. (2020) · Archives of Nursing Practice and Care · doi:10.17352/2581-4265.000049
P.007 Frequency of anxious and depressive symptoms in a population of cannabidiol users
Moinas, M., Angerville, B., Naassïla, M., & Dervaux, A. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.013
Neuropathic Pain Medications
Suer, M. J., & Sehgal, N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68204-0_23

Authors: Machado Bergamaschi, M., Helena Costa Queiroz, R., Waldo Zuardi, A., & Alexandre S. Crippa, J.
Venue: Current Drug Safety
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Published: 2011-09-01
Volume: 6
Issue: 4
Pages: 237-249
ISSN: 1574-8863 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2174/157488611798280924
OpenAlex: W2128076336
Cited by: 558
References: 122
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 7.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Current Drug Safety (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
Keywords: cannabidiol, Cannabis sativa, drug safety, adverse effects, toxicity, hepatotoxicity, drug metabolism inhibition, P-glycoprotein, fertility, cell viability, tolerability
MeSH terms: Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antiemetics, Cannabidiol, Cannabis, Cell Survival, Eating, Humans, Antipsychotic Agents, Anti-Anxiety Agents

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Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa Constituent

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