The DOI matches its Crossref record; 122 of the 122 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa Constituent
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a major nonpsychotropic constituent of Cannabis, has multiple pharmacological actions, including anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antiemetic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, little is known about its safety and side effect profile in animals and humans. This review describes in vivo and in vitro reports of CBD administration across a wide range of concentrations, based on reports retrieved from Web of Science, Scielo and Medline. The keywords searched were "cannabinoids", "cannabidiol" and "side effects". Several studies suggest that CBD is non-toxic in non-transformed cells and does not induce changes on food intake, does not induce catalepsy, does not affect physiological parameters (heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature), does not affect gastrointestinal transit and does not alter psychomotor or psychological functions. Also, chronic use and high doses up to 1,500 mg/day of CBD are reportedly well tolerated in humans. Conversely, some studies reported that this cannabinoid can induce some side effects, including inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism, alterations of in vitro cell viability, decreased fertilization capacity, and decreased activities of p-glycoprotein and other drug transporters. Based on recent advances in cannabinoid administration in humans, controlled CBD may be safe in humans and animals. However, further studies are needed to clarify these reported in vitro and in vivo side effects.
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“Unlike THC, CBD does not produce psychotropic effects and this is probably because of its low affinity for CB1 receptors 55– 57.”
From Psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for the treatment of cannabis use disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“According to comprehensive reviews, acute and chronic administration of CBD by various routes (oral, inhaled, intravenous) to healthy volunteers and patients with different clinical conditions did not induce significant adverse effects (50, 51), especially because a conversion of oral cannabidiol to THC seems not to occur in humans (52).”
From Translational investigation of the therapeutic potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a new age (2018) · cites this paper as [50]
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“1B) is a non-psychoactive component of Cannabis sativa(Mechoulam and Hanus, 2002), which is considered safe and well tolerated in high doses and chronic use(Bergamaschi et al., 2011, Shayesteh et al., 2019).”
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“…the relatively high concentrations of CBD required to elicit cytotoxic effects in vitro, clinical studies have consistently reported favorable tolerability profiles, even at high oral doses (up to 1500 mg/day) [36,37,52,53], including in individuals with mild to severe renal impairment [54].”
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“Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, debilitating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by recurrent inflammation of the colonic mucosa, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, persistent diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and mucosal ulceration (Ungaro et al. 2017).”
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“It is generally well tolerated, even with chronic use and high dosages [29].”
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“111,112 The most common side effects in animal and human in vivo studies were drowsiness, gastrointestinal problems, nausea, sleeping disorders, and a decrease in appetite.”
Yadav-Samudrala, B. J., Johnson, M. L., Ale, A., Jiang, K. X., Lee, W. W. Y., Nguyen, A., Ho, D., Acquah, E. B., Orsucci, I. C., Sawaqed, L. E., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0353267
“While most literature suggests that CBD alone does not significantly alter body temperature [145–147], our chronic 3 mg/kg s.c. regimen in an aged model resulted in a subtle elevation of baseline body temperature.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Machado Bergamaschi, M., Helena Costa Queiroz, R., Waldo Zuardi, A., & Alexandre S. Crippa, J.
- Venue
- Current Drug Safety
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2011-09-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 237-249
- ISSN
- 1574-8863 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2128076336
- Cited by
- 558
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Drug Safety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- cannabidiol, Cannabis sativa, drug safety, adverse effects, toxicity, hepatotoxicity, drug metabolism inhibition, P-glycoprotein, fertility, cell viability, tolerability
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antiemetics, Cannabidiol, Cannabis, Cell Survival, Eating, Humans, Antipsychotic Agents, Anti-Anxiety Agents
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