Cited by 126Psychedelics and Drug StudiesSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesAlkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology

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Psychedelics as Medicines for Substance Abuse Rehabilitation: Evaluating Treatments with LSD, Peyote, Ibogaine and Ayahuasca

Winkelman, Michael·2015·Current Drug Abuse Reviews

DOI 10.2174/1874473708666150107120011

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Abstract

Substances known as psychedelics, hallucinogens and entheogens have been employed in ethnomedical traditions for thousands of years, but after promising uses in the 1950's and 1960's they were largely prohibited in medical treatment and human research starting in the 1970's as part of the fallout from the war on drugs. Nonetheless, there are a number of studies which suggest that these substances have potential applications in the treatment of addictions. While these substances are generally classified as Schedule I, alleging no established medical uses and a high drug abuse potential, there is nonetheless evidence indicating they might be safe and effective tools for short term interventions in addictions treatment. Evidence suggests that the psychedelics have a much greater safety profile than the major addictive drugs, having extremely low levels of mortality, and producing little if any physical dependence. This paper reviews studies evaluating the use of LSD, peyote, ibogaine and ayahuasca in the treatment of dependencies and the possible mechanisms underlying the indications of effectiveness. Evidence suggests that these substances help assist recovery from drug dependency through a variety of therapeutic mechanisms, including a notable "after-glow" effect that in part reflects their action on the serotonin neurotransmitter system. Serotonin has been long recognized as central to the psychedelics' well-known phenomenological, physical, emotional and cognitive dynamics. These serotonin-based dynamics are directly relevant to treatment of addiction because of depressed serotonin levels found in addict populations, as well as the role of serotonin as a neuromodulators affecting many other neurotransmitter systems.

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Authors: Winkelman, M.
Affiliations: Arizona State University (US)
Corresponding author: Winkelman, Michael
ORCID: Winkelman, Michael
Venue: Current Drug Abuse Reviews
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Published: 2015-01-27
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 101-116
ISSN: 1874-4737 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2174/1874473708666150107120011
OpenAlex: W1992059353
Cited by: 126
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 8
FWCI: 13.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Current Drug Abuse Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
Keywords: psychedelics, addiction treatment, addiction, LSD, peyote, ibogaine, ayahuasca, Schedule I drugs, drug safety, serotonin, therapeutic mechanisms, war on drugs, ethnomedicine
MeSH terms: Animals, Hallucinogens, Humans, Ibogaine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Medicine, Traditional, Mescaline, Serotonin, Substance-Related Disorders, Banisteriopsis

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Psychedelics as Medicines for Substance Abuse Rehabilitation: Evaluating Treatments with LSD, Peyote, Ibogaine and Ayahuasca

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