The current state of research on ayahuasca: a systematic review of human studies assessing psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological functioning, and neuroimaging
Abstract
RATIONALE: In recent decades, the use of ayahuasca (AYA) - a β-carboline- and dimethyltryptamine-rich hallucinogenic botanical preparation traditionally used by Northwestern Amazonian tribes for ritual and therapeutic purposes - has spread from South America to Europe and the USA, raising concerns about its possible toxicity and hopes of its therapeutic potential. Thus, it is important to analyze the acute, subacute, and long-term effects of AYA to assess its safety and toxicity. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of human studies assessing AYA effects on psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological functioning, and neuroimaging. METHODS: Papers published until 16 December 2015 were included from PubMed, LILACS and SciELO databases following a comprehensive search strategy and pre-determined set of criteria for article selection. RESULTS: The review included 28 full-text articles. Acute AYA administration was well tolerated, increased introspection and positive mood, altered visual perceptions, activated frontal and paralimbic regions and decreased default mode network activity. It also improved planning and inhibitory control and impaired working memory, and showed antidepressive and antiaddictive potentials. Long-term AYA use was associated with increased cortical thickness of the anterior cingulate cortex and cortical thinning of the posterior cingulate cortex, which was inversely correlated to age of onset, intensity of prior AYA use, and spirituality. Subacute and long-term AYA use was not associated with increased psychopathology or cognitive deficits, being associated with enhanced mood and cognition, increased spirituality, and reduced impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS: Acute, subacute, and long-term AYA use seems to have low toxicity. Preliminary studies about potential therapeutic effects of AYA need replication due to their methodological limitations.
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Converging evidence from preclinical and human studies suggests oral formulations of DMT such as ayahuasca show potential in reducing anxiety, depressive symptoms, addictive behaviors, and posttraumatic distress.
“Indeed, converging evidence from preclinical and human studies suggest that oral formulations of DMT such as ayahuasca show potential in reducing anxiety, depressive symptoms, addictive behaviors, and posttraumatic distress (1–3, 30–35).”
From Potential therapeutic effects of an ayahuasca-inspired N,N-DMT and harmine formulation: a controlled trial in healthy subjects (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
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Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy
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Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
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Toxicological Aspects and Determination of the Main Components of Ayahuasca: A Critical Review
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Within-treatment changes in a novel addiction treatment program using traditional Amazonian medicine
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How does ayahuasca work from a psychiatric perspective? Pros and cons of the entheogenic therapy
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Ayahuasca Beverages: Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Properties
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Amazonian Medicine and the Psychedelic Revival: Considering the “Dieta”
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Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy
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A Systematic Review on the Therapeutic Effects of Ayahuasca
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The current state of ayahuasca research in animal models: A systematic review
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fMRI Evidence for Default Mode Network Deactivation Associated with Rapid Eye Movements in Sleep
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Therapeutic Potential Ascribed to Ayahuasca by Users in the Czech Republic
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Ayahuasca: what mental health professionals need to know
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Effect of Ritualistic Consumption of Ayahuasca on Hepatic Function in Chronic Users
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Ayahuasca and Childhood Trauma: Potential Therapeutic Applications
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Psychosis induced by abuse of ayahuasca: a case report
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Ayahuasca-induced psychosis: A case report
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Polypharmacology or “Pharmacological Promiscuity” In Psychedelic Research: What Are We Missing?
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Psicosis inducida por ayahuasca: reporte de un caso.
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Ayahuasca in the Czech Republic: Extended Version
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The Pharmacology and Clinical Applications of Psychedelic Medicines Within Midwifery Practice
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Ayahuasca ceremony leaders’ perspectives on special considerations for eating disorders
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Psychedelics and Hallucinogens in Psychiatry: Finding New Pharmacological Targets
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Psicosis por consumo de ayahuasca: un reporte de caso
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Neural Network Modulation of Ayahuasca: A Systematic Review of Human Studies
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The Novelty of Ayahuasca Scale and the prediction of intentions to use
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Potential Anti-Depressive Treatment Maneuvers from Bench to Bedside
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The current state of ayahuasca research in animal models: A systematic reviewPreprint
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How to set up a psychedelic study: Unique considerations for research involving human participants
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Beyond prohibition: A public health analysis of naturalistic psychedelic use
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Psychosis induced by abuse of ayahuasca: a case report
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Ayahuasca – Religion, Life-style oder Droge?
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Could Psychedelics Treat Neuropathic Chronic Pain?
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The Felt Presence experience: From cognition to the clinicPreprint
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- Authors
- dos Santos, R. G., Balthazar, F. M., Bouso, J. C., & Hallak, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Federal Institute of São Paulo (BR)
- International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research, and Service (ES)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopharmacology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-07-10
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1230-1247
- ISSN
- 0269-8811 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7285
- OpenAlex
- W2413873059
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Synthesis and bioactivity of alkaloids
- Keywords
- ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, β-carbolines, hallucinogens, psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological performance, neuroimaging, default mode network, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, cortical thickness, impulsivity, spirituality, antidepressant effects, drug safety and toxicity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antidepressive Agents, Mental Disorders, Hallucinogens, Humans, Banisteriopsis, Neuroimaging
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