The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Systematic Evaluation and Comparison of Statistical Tests for Publication Bias
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the statistical and discriminatory powers of three statistical test methods (Begg's, Egger's, and Macaskill's) to detect publication bias in meta-analyses. METHODS: The data sources were 130 reviews from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002 issue, which considered a binary endpoint and contained 10 or more individual studies. Funnel plots with observers'agreements were selected as a reference standard. We evaluated a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity by varying cut-off p-values, power of statistical tests given fixed false positive rates, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: In 36 reviews, 733 original studies evaluated 2,874,006 subjects. The number of trials included in each ranged from 10 to 70 (median 14.5). Given that the false positive rate was 0.1, the sensitivity of Egger's method was 0.93, and was larger than that of Begg's method (0.86) and Macaskill's method (0.43). The sensitivities of three statistical tests increased as the cut-off p-values increased without a substantial decrement of specificities. The area under the ROC curve of Egger's method was 0.955 (95% confidence interval, 0.889-1.000) and was not different from that of Begg's method (area=0.913, p=0.2302), but it was larger than that of Macaskill's method (area=0.719, p=0.0116). CONCLUSION: Egger's linear regression method and Begg's method had stronger statistical and discriminatory powers than Macaskill's method for detecting publication bias given the same type I error level. The power of these methods could be improved by increasing the cut-off p-value without a substantial increment of false positive rate.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Publication bias was evaluated visually with funnel plots and statistically via Egger's test [23].”
From Ketogenic diet-induced changes in adult lipid metabolism: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722 · cited 1×
“Meta-analyses should therefore be scrutinized for the possible presence of such biases.(2) A prospective registration of trials is encouraged through trial registries,(3) but publication bias still remains a serious problem.”
DeLong, E. R., DeLong, D. M., & Clarke-Pearson, D. L. (1988) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531595 · Cited by 22,649
Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias
Begg, C. B., & Mazumdar, M. (1994) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533446 · Cited by 16,955 · cited 2×
“The effect estimates were standardized to stabilize the variance, and an adjusted rank correlation test was then performed.(5,13) Let ti and vi be the estimated effect sizes and those variances from the k studies in the meta-analysis, i=1,.”
Hanley, J. A., & McNeil, B. J. (1983) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiology.148.3.6878708 · Cited by 7,016
Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis
Sterne, J. A. C., & Egger, M. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00377-8 · Cited by 3,779
Publication bias in clinical research
Easterbrook, P. J., Gopalan, R., Berlin, J. A., & Matthews, D. R. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90201-y · Cited by 3,109
Meta-analysis: Principles and procedures
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., & Phillips, A. N. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7121.1533 · Cited by 2,415
Publication and related bias in meta-analysis
Sterne, J. A. C., Gavaghan, D., & Egger, M. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00242-0 · Cited by 2,282 · cited 1×
“1 as the positive threshold of bias to assess the power of statistical tests, but this value was arbitrarily chosen and has not been systematically validated.(7) Moreover, there is no consensus about which test is better at detecting publication bias.”
Summing up: The Science of Reviewing Research
Wilkinson, I., Light, R. J., & Pillemer, D. B. (1987) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164691 · Cited by 1,486
Light, R. J., & Pillemer, D. B. (1984) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674040243 · Cited by 1,422
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 27 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 1997, 315, 629
- SUTTON A J, 2000, 320, 1574
- 10. Collaboration CdsrIC. Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software, 2002.
- 1992, 305, 15
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 379
Endothelial NO synthase gene polymorphisms and risk of ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis
Tao, H., & Chen, G. (2009) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.04.001 · Cited by 32
Zhang, W., Wenhao, S., Mi, Y., Yang, L., Daming, Z., Jiangchun, X., & Jijun, J. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.17304 · Cited by 31
Tagliaferri, S. D., Ng, S. K., Fitzgibbon, B. M., Owen, P. J., Miller, C. T., Bowe, S. J., & Belavý, D. L. (2021) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1883 · Cited by 34
“For publication bias, statistically significant asymmetry was set to p 0.2 (Hayashino et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialCadmium exposure and DNA damage (genotoxicity): a systematic review and meta-analysis
Nagaraju, R., Kalahasthi, R., Balachandar, R., & Bagepally, B. S. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408444.2023.2173557 · Cited by 38
“Further, the publication bias and pooling effects were assessed using a funnel plot (asymmetry) or Egger’s test (p< 0.05) as mentioned (Hayashino et al. 2005; Peters et al. 2010).”
MethodInfluentialWorkplace Disability Management Programs Promoting Return to Work: A Systematic Review
Gensby, U., Lund, T., Kowalski, K., Saidj, M., Jørgensen, A.-M. K., Filges, T., Irvin, E., Amick, B. C., & Labriola, M. (2012) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.4073/csr.2012.17 · Cited by 32
Ramsay, J., Carter, Y., Davidson, L. L., Dunne, D., Eldridge, S. M., Feder, G. S., Hegarty, K. L., Rivas, C. A., Taft, A., & Warburton, A. L. (2009) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.4073/csr.2009.5 · Cited by 31
Zhu, L., Mi, Y., You, X., Wu, S. L., Shao, H., Dai, F., Peng, T., Feng, Q. F., & Feng, N. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054994 · Cited by 30
“05 in Egger’s linear regression indicated the presence of potential publication bias [25].”
BackgroundKalahasthi, R., Nagaraju, R., Balachandar, R., & Bagepally, B. S. (2021) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2021.153047 · Cited by 29
Kazemian, S., Tavolinejad, H., Rashedi, S., Yarahmadi, P., Farrokhpour, H., & Kolte, D. (2022) · American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.10.016 · Cited by 26
Ginseng and health outcomes: an umbrella review
Li, Z., Wang, Y., Xu, Q., Ma, J., Li, X., Tian, Y., Wen, Y., & Chen, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1069268 · Cited by 34
“In this regard, funnel plots, Egger’s test, Begg’s test, and Macaskill’s test are all effective methods for assessing publication bias (Hayashino et al., 2005).”
MethodExamining publication bias—a simulation-based evaluation of statistical tests on publication bias
Schneck, A. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.4115 · Cited by 29
“155 In the following simulation only the FAT is used because of its better statistical power, as found 156 in previous simulations (Hayashino et al. 2005; Kicinski 2014; Macaskill et al. 2001; Sterne et al. 7 This estimator is equivalent to the bivariate FAT-PET recommended by Stanley &…”
MethodReduction of Arterial Stiffness After Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Sidibé, A., Fortier, C., Desjardins, M., Zomahoun, H. T. V., Boutin, A., Mac‐Way, F., Serres, S. A. D., & Agharazii, M. (2017) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.007235 · Cited by 27
Degarege, A., Gebrezgi, M. T., Beck‐Sagué, C. M., Wahlgren, M., de Mattos, L. C., & Madhivanan, P. (2019) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-019-3730-z · Cited by 27
Zou, Y., Liao, R., Cheng, R., Chung, H., Zhu, H., & Huang, Y. (2023) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106370 · Cited by 27
Wang, F., Luo, D., Fu, L., Zhang, H., Wu, S., Zhang, M., Zhou, H., Sun, T., & Chen, X. (2016) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000000356 · Cited by 27
“Compared with Begg test, Egger test has a higher power for the detection of publication bias.(47) Therefore, a combined method using the Nfs and Egger test was used to assess publication bias.”
Degarege, A., Naveed, Z., Kabayundo, J., & Brett‐Major, D. M. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11050563 · Cited by 26
C-reactive protein levels could be a prognosis predictor of prostate cancer: A meta-analysis
Zhou, K., Li, C., Chen, T., Zhang, X., & Ma, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1111277 · Cited by 26
“Egger’s test and Begg’s funnel plot were used to assess the publication bias (18).”
MethodAerobic Physical Activity and Depression Among Patients With Cancer
Kulchycki, M., Halder, H. R., Askin, N., Rabbani, R., Schulte, F., Jeyaraman, M. M., Sung, L., Louis, D., Lix, L. M., Garland, A., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.37964 · Cited by 27
Hysterectomy and kidney cancer risk: A meta‐analysis
Karami, S., Daugherty, S. E., & Purdue, M. P. (2013) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.28352 · Cited by 26
“The Higgin’s I(2) statistic and Cochrane’s Q test were computed to evaluate heterogeneity across the studies.(27,28) Where heterogeneity was observed, each study was omitted one at a time from that analysis to identify the outlying study and to recalculate the summary risk estimate.”
MethodBiomarker of dietary linoleic acid and risk for stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhang, W., Zhou, F., Huang, H., Mao, Y., & Ye, D. (2020) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.110953 · Cited by 25
Uric Acid and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Guo, Y., Liu, S., & Xu, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.906760 · Cited by 25
“Egger’s (49) and Begg’s tests (50) were used to assess potential publication bias, and a visualized funnel plot was performed as a complement.”
MethodAssociation of Glutathione S transferases Polymorphisms with Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis
Yu, Y., Weng, Y., Guo, J., Chen, G., & Yao, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054037 · Cited by 25
“Publication bias was detected by Egger’s test [30] and Begg’s [31] test for the overall pooled analysis of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes, and recessive model of GSTP1.”
MethodJia, Q., Li, X., Liu, Y., Li, L., Kwong, J. S. W., Ren, K., Jiang, Y. H., Sun, X., Tian, H., & Li, S. (2018) · Cancer Management and Research · doi:10.2147/cmar.s164210 · Cited by 25
“Funnel graph, Begg’s test, and Egger’s test(24,25) were employed to evaluate the potential publication bias.(26) All statistical tests were performed using Review Manager 5.”
MethodMMP1, 2, 3, 7, and 9 Gene Polymorphisms and Urinary Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis
Liu, T., Zuo, L., Li, L., Lei, Y., Yu, H., Hongwei, J., Liu, Y., & Chui-ze, K. (2015) · Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers · doi:10.1089/gtmb.2015.0123 · Cited by 24
“Publication bias was assessed by both Egger’s test and Begg’s test (Hayashino et al. , 2005).”
Wei, L.-Z., Wang, H., Liu, X., Lu, Y.-P., Xu, F., Yuan, J., & Ling, Y. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088439 · Cited by 24
Mo, X., Lu, P., & Yang, X. (2023) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.24085 · Cited by 20
“Publication bias was assessed using the MedCalc software 24 through the application of Begg's test 25 and Deek's funnel plot.”
MethodFerrante, R., Campagni, C., Vettori, C., Checcucci, A., Garosi, C., & Paffetti, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1282553 · Cited by 23
Song, Y., Yang, Y., Liu, L., & Liu, X. (2019) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.070 · Cited by 23
Yoong, S. Q., Lu, J., Xing, H., Gyanwali, B., Tan, Y., & Wu, X. V. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101491 · Cited by 23
Song, Y., Qi, X., & Liu, X. (2020) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2020.144924 · Cited by 23
HLA-DR Polymorphism and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Evidence From a Meta-analysis
Li, M., Zheng, H., Tian, Q., Rui, M.-N., & Liu, D. (2014) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.03.002 · Cited by 23
“In addition, we also used other statistical methods such as Egger’s method to detect publication bias for the reason that Egger’s method had stronger statistical power than Begg’s method or Mac skill’s method (115,116).”
MethodThe efficacy and safety of apatinib for refractory malignancies: a review and meta-analysis
Sun, D., Hou, H., Zhang, C., & Zhang, X. (2018) · OncoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/ott.s176429 · Cited by 22
Song, Y., Hu, J., Chen, Q., Guo, J., Zou, Y., Zhang, W., Chen, X., Wang, H., & Huang, P. (2018) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2018.09.005 · Cited by 21
Zhu, J. W., Song, Y., Chen, G., Hu, R., Ou, N., Zhang, W., Liang, Z. C., & Liu, X. (2019) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.13490 · Cited by 21
Zhou, F., Liu, Z., Guo, Y., & Xu, H. (2021) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13483 · Cited by 21
Cheng, Z., Zhang, C., & Mi, Y. (2022) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-022-00851-8 · Cited by 21
Association Between Vitamin D and Statin-Related Myopathy: A Meta-analysis
Hou, Q., Pang, C., & Chen, Y. (2021) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40256-021-00492-8 · Cited by 20
Du, Q., Ren, Y., Meng, Z.-L., He, H., & Meng, S. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/78186 · Cited by 39
Analgesic use and risk of renal cell carcinoma: A case-control, cohort and meta-analytic assessment
Karami, S., Daughtery, S. E., Schwartz, K., Davis, F. G., Ruterbusch, J. J., Wacholder, S., Graubard, B. I., Berndt, S. I., Hofmann, J. N., Purdue, M. P., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.30108 · Cited by 19
“evaluate heterogeneity among the studies, while publication bias was assessed by Begg’s and Egger’s tests and through evaluation of funnel plots.(38,39)”
MethodTang, N., Lyu, D., Zhang, Y., & Liu, H. (2017) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-017-0393-z · Cited by 19
Suphanchaimat, R., Cetthakrikul, N., Dalliston, A., & Putthasri, W. (2016) · Advances in Medical Education and Practice · doi:10.2147/amep.s116699 · Cited by 19
Regenerative cell therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension in animal models: a systematic review
Suen, C. M., Stewart, D. J., Montroy, J. R., Welsh, C., Levac, B. M., Wesch, N. L., Zhai, A. B., Fergusson, D. A., McIntyre, L., & Lalu, M. M. (2019) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-019-1172-6 · Cited by 19
Kim, S. J., Cho, S. H., & Yun, J. M. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2025.05.013 · Cited by 18
Curcumin and multiple health outcomes: critical umbrella review of intervention meta-analyses
Xu, Q., Lian, H., Zhou, R., Gu, Z., Wu, J., Wu, Y., & Li, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1601204 · Cited by 26
“The funnel plot, Egger ’ s test, Begg ’ s test, and Macaskill ’ s can all be used to detect publication bias (Hayashino et al., 2005).”
Zheng, H., Li, M., Chi, B., Wu, X., Wang, J., & Liu, D.-W. (2015) · Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.clinre.2015.01.009 · Cited by 18
Jiao, Y., Liu, D., Sun, Y., Chen, Z., & Liu, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.850750 · Cited by 19
“In addition, Begg’s test was also used to evaluate publication bias (Hayashino et al., 2005; Peters et al., 2006).”
MethodAzzam, A., Khaled, H., Alrefaey, A., Basil, A., Ibrahim, S., Elsayed, M. S., Khattab, M., Nabil, N., Abdalwanees, E., & Halim, H. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-07111-9 · Cited by 32
“For the assessment of publication bias, a p-value of less than 0.1 from Egger’s test was regarded as evidence of potential publication bias [17, 18].”
InfluentialAssociation Between TERT rs2736098 Polymorphisms and Cancer Risk-A Meta-Analysis
Zhou, M., Jiang, B., Xiong, M., & Zhu, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00377 · Cited by 18
“Publication bias was evaluated with Egger’s linear regression and Begg’s funnel plots (Hayashino et al., 2005).”
MethodJanitra, F. E., Chen, R., Lin, H., Sung, C., Chu, H., Lee, C., Niu, S., Liu, H., Chang, L., Banda, K. J., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13334 · Cited by 18
Association between three genetic variants in kallikrein 3 and prostate cancer risk
Ding, W., Ren, K.-W., Yue, C., Zou, J.-G., Zuo, L., Zhang, L., Bai, Y., Okada, A., Yasui, T., & Mi, Y. (2018) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20181151 · Cited by 17
Song, Y., Chen, J., Liu, K., Zhou, K., Lü, Y., Wang, X., Yang, Y., & Liu, X. (2019) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2019.144077 · Cited by 18
Fan, Y., Wu, L., & Zhuang, W. (2022) · Cardiovascular Therapeutics · doi:10.1155/2022/2144443 · Cited by 19
“The presence of potential publication bias was determined using the Egger/Begg’s test and presented graphically in the form of a funnel plot [23].”
MethodMeta-analyses: a method to maximise the evidence from clinical studies?
Maier, W., & Möller, H. (2009) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-009-0068-3 · Cited by 19
“Unfortunately, the discriminative power of those tests to uncover deviations between observation and expectation is seriously limited, and absence of significance is falsely interpreted as absence of ‘‘publication bias’’ [16, 17].”
BackgroundLi, F., Wan, S., Zhang, L., Li, B., He, Y., Shen, H., & Liu, L. (2021) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-021-02801-3 · Cited by 16
Chen, T., Zou, C., Yuan, Y., Pan, J., Zhang, B., Qiao, L., Li, Y., Qian, J.-Y., Guo, Q., Yuan, Y., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-18293-6 · Cited by 16
“Publication bias was assessed by Funnel plots and the Egger’s test (Hayashino et al. 2005; Sterne et al. 2006).”
MethodYu, Q., Yao, Y., Zhu, J., Xin, B., Xie, T., Sun, C., & Cao, J. (2015) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.039 · Cited by 16
Xu, L., Qin, Z., Wang, F., Si, S., Li, L., Lin, P., Han, X., Cai, X., Yang, H., & Gu, Y. (2017) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20170917 · Cited by 16
Song, Y., Lü, Y., Xu, Y., Yang, Y., & Liu, X. (2019) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.13363 · Cited by 15
Song, Y., Jin, D., Chen, J., Liang, W., & Liu, X. (2020) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfaa087 · Cited by 15
Baptista, F., Nery, E. C. H. P., Cruz, E. B., Afreixo, V. M. A., & Silva, A. G. (2023) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/02692155231215216 · Cited by 15
Li, L., Liu, T., Zuo, L., Zhang, L., & Zhang, Z. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 15
Wang, Y.-H., Hu, H., Weng, H., Chen, H., Luo, C., Ji, J., Yin, C., Yuan, C., & Wang, X. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00325 · Cited by 15
“Publication bias was conducted using Egger’s linear regression and Begg’s funnel plots (Hayashino et al., 2005).”
MethodChen, S., Chen, Z., Liang, Y., Wang, P., & Peng, J. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.05.020 · Cited by 15
Sanabria‐Martínez, G., Poyatos‐León, R., Notario‐Pacheco, B., Álvarez-Bueno, C., Cavero‐Redondo, I., & Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030162 · Cited by 15
Gout and risk of venous thromboembolism: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of cohort studies
Guo, Y., Zhou, F., & Xu, H. (2022) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.14524 · Cited by 15
Wu, D., Shi, D., Yang, L., & Zhu, X. (2015) · The Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1346-8138.13039 · Cited by 15
Wang, Y., Gao, X., Wei, F., Zhang, X., Yu, J., Zhao, H., Sun, Q., Fan, Y. L., Yan, C., Li, H., et al. (2014) · Tumor Biology · doi:10.1007/s13277-014-2710-6 · Cited by 15
“Publication bias was diagnosed with Egger’s linear regression method [66, 67] and funnel plot.”
MethodWu, S., He, Y., Wu, Y., Ji, Y., Hou, L., Liu, X., Ge, Y., Yu, Y., Yu, Y., Wei, Y., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.897776 · Cited by 15
“Additionally, Begg’s and Egger’s regression tests were performed to detect small study effects (21).”
MethodThe ‐ A2518G polymorphism in the MCP‐1 gene and inflammatory bowel disease risk: A meta‐analysis
Li, Y. W., Yang, C. Q., Xiao, Y., Li, J., Xie, C. X., Zhang, S., Yu, Q., Wang, H. L., Lu, W. M., & Chen, M. H. (2015) · Journal of Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1111/1751-2980.12232 · Cited by 14
Yu, Q., Yong, Y., Zhu, J., Fu, D.-H., Xie, T., Li, Y., Lan, L., Cao, J., & Gu, Z. (2014) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.3109/02713683.2014.894078 · Cited by 14
“05 in Egger’s linear regression indicated the presence of potential publication bias.(18) All statistical tests for this meta-analysis were performed using version 10.”
MethodDistinct effects of rs895819 on risk of different cancers: an update meta-analysis
Chen, M., Fang, W., Wu, X., Bian, S., Chen, G., Lu, L., & Weng, Y. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.17454 · Cited by 14
“Both Egger’s test [30] and Begg’s test [31] were applied to examine the publication bias for the overall pooled analyses of rs895819.”
MethodChen, B., Wang, S., Ma, G., Han, J., Zhang, J., Gu, X., & Feng, X. (2018) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20180853 · Cited by 14
Liu, J., Xing, J., Wang, B., Wei, C., Yang, R., Zhu, Y., & Qiu, H. (2019) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.912737 · Cited by 14
“05 were considered to be significant [20].”
Association study between CYP24A1 gene polymorphisms and cancer risk
Yi, C., Huang, C. B., Wang, H., Wang, C., Dong, L., Gu, X., Feng, X., & Chen, B. (2019) · Pathology - Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.prp.2019.152735 · Cited by 14
Mi, Y., Zhang, L., Feng, N., Wu, S. L., You, X., Shao, H., Dai, F., Peng, T., Feng, Q. F., Zou, J., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044756 · Cited by 14
“05 in Egger’s linear regression indicated the presence of potential publication bias [30,31].”
BackgroundEffects of NRG1 Polymorphisms on Hirschsprung’s Disease Susceptibility: A Meta-analysis
Jiang, M., Li, C., Cao, G., Yang, D., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Li, S., & Tang, S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10477-w · Cited by 14
Zhou, M., Jiang, B., Xiong, M., & Zhu, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01604 · Cited by 14
“Publication bias was evaluated with Egger’s linear regression and Begg’s funnel plots (Hayashino et al., 2005).”
MethodCirculating Chemerin Level and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Qi, X., Fan, J., Zhu, J., Ling, Y., Mi, S., Chen, H., Fan, C., & Li, Y. (2020) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm-2019-0500 · Cited by 14
Guo, Y., Zhang, Y., Tang, X., Liu, X., & Xu, H. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.15181 · Cited by 15
Chen, D., & Du, Y. (2023) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.24018 · Cited by 13
Wu, Y., Zhang, H., Jiang, D., Yin, F., Guo, P., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., & Han, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000001125 · Cited by 13
“Small study effects, such as publication bias, were assessed by Egger ’ s test and Begg ’ s test [39,40] .”
Xiang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, M., Qian, S., Wang, R., Wang, Y., Xiang, Y., & Ding, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.988512 · Cited by 13
“I2 was used to evaluate heterogeneity, and values of 25, 50, and 75% were used for classification of low, moderate, and high heterogeneity, respectively (Higgins et al., 2003).”
MethodSu, L., Fei, Y., Wei, X., Guo, J., Jiang, X.-G., Lu, L., & Chen, G. (2016) · Leukemia & lymphoma/Leukemia and lymphoma · doi:10.3109/10428194.2016.1165812 · Cited by 13
“Publication bias was assessed by Egger’s test [18] and Begg’s test,[19] with the results considered to indicate publication bias when p< 0.”
MethodZhang, L., Ren, K., Zuo, L., Zou, J., Song, N., Mi, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhang, W. (2019) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.28324 · Cited by 13
“05) was considered significant publication bias.(32) All statistical analysis was carried out by Stata Software (version 11.”
MethodZhang, X., Liu, C., Sheng, X., Jiang, Y., Zhang, S., Mo, X., Yang, Y., & Ding, F. (2025) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaf309 · Cited by 14
Chen, S.-C., Liu, H.-Y., Li, J., & Yang, G.-H. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000000262 · Cited by 14
Suen, C. M., Zhai, A., Lalu, M. M., Welsh, C., Levac, B. M., Fergusson, D. A., McIntyre, L., & Stewart, D. J. (2016) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0265-x · Cited by 12
“An evaluation for the presence of publication bias will be conducted with funnel plots and Egger’s regression test [25].”
MethodA review on COVID-19 transmission, epidemiological features, prevention and vaccination
Zhang, Y., Wu, G., Chen, S., Xu, J., Yimaer, W., Zhang, W., Lin, S. C. C., Hao, Y., Gu, J., & Li, J. (2022) · Medical Review · doi:10.1515/mr-2021-0023 · Cited by 13
“Publication bias was assessed using Begg and Egger tests, as well as the funnel plots [72].”
MethodWan, H., Zhou, H., Feng, Y., Chen, Y. Q., Zhu, L., & Mi, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.878507 · Cited by 14
“To estimate the likelihood of publication bias, Egger’s regression test and Begg’s funnel plots were used (18).”
MethodGao, M., Jiang, T., Li, P., Zhang, J., Xu, K., & Ren, T. (2022) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106330 · Cited by 12
Chen, H., Li, J., Wang, X., & Fu, Y. (2023) · Archives of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1007/s11657-023-01234-w · Cited by 13
Treatment of Fibromyalgia Syndrome With Antidepressants
Häuser, W., Bernardy, K., & Sommer, C. (2017) · Cited by 12
Song, Y., Lü, Y., Liang, Z. C., Yang, Y., & Liu, X. (2019) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-019-04003-1 · Cited by 12
Association of a Pre-miR-27a Polymorphism with Cancer Risk: an Updated Meta-analysis
Bai, R., Weng, Y., Su, L., Jin, M., Xu, Z., Lu, L., & Chen, G. (2015) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.23.10107 · Cited by 12
“Publication bias was detected by Egger’s test (Hayashino et al., 2005) and Begg’s (Begg and Mazumdar, 1994) test for the overall pooled analysis of rs895819.”
MethodSun, W., Su, L., Sheng, Y., Shen, Y., & Chen, G. (2015) · BMC Ophthalmology · doi:10.1186/s12886-015-0065-4 · Cited by 11
“The Egger’s test [19] and the Begg’s [20] test were applied to detect publication bias for the overall pooled analysis of GSTM1 or GSTT1 null genotypes.”
MethodXu, B., Zhu, Y., Tang, Y., Zhang, Z., & Wen, Q. (2018) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.912534 · Cited by 11
“The funnel plot asymmetry and publication bias were evaluated by both Egger’s test and Begg’s test [60,61].”
MethodShen, W., Li, X., Yang, L., Zhou, D., & Zhang, W. (2020) · Hereditas · doi:10.1186/s41065-020-00146-w · Cited by 11
“Publication bias was assessed by both Egger’s and Begg’s tests [53].”
MethodWu, T., Huang, W., He, M., & Yue, R. (2022) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101625 · Cited by 11
Wu, L., Chu, M., & Zhuang, W. (2021) · International Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1155/2021/9423576 · Cited by 9
“Funnel plot asymmetry was assessed using Begg’s test, and publication bias was assessed using Egger’s test [31].”
MethodComplement family member CFI polymorphisms and AMD susceptibility from a comprehensive analysis
Yu, Q., Zhu, J., Yao, Y., & Sun, C. (2020) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20200406 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Hayashino, Y., Noguchi, Y., & Fukui, T.
- Affiliations
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Fujita Health University (JP)
- St. Luke's International Hospital (JP)
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Japan Epidemiological Association
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 235-243
- ISSN
- 0917-5040 (ISSN-L)
- 1349-9092
- PMC
- PMC7904376
- OpenAlex
- W2084494571
- Cited by
- 379
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 3.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Keywords
- publication bias, Egger's test, funnel plot, sensitivity and specificity, statistical power, discriminatory power, binary outcomes, meta-analysis
- MeSH terms
- ROC Curve, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Linear Models, Publication Bias
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
