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Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study: Baseline Characteristics and Associations with Kidney Function
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study was established to examine risk factors for the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with CKD. We examined baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Seven clinical centers recruited adults who were aged 21 to 74 yr and had CKD using age-based estimated GFR (eGFR) inclusion criteria. At baseline, blood and urine specimens were collected and information regarding health behaviors, diet, quality of life, and functional status was obtained. GFR was measured using radiolabeled iothalamate in one third of participants. RESULTS: A total of 3612 participants were enrolled with mean age +/- SD of 58.2 +/- 11.0 yr; 46% were women, and 47% had diabetes. Overall, 45% were non-Hispanic white, 46% were non-Hispanic black, and 5% were Hispanic. Eighty-six percent reported hypertension, 22% coronary disease, and 10% heart failure. Mean body mass index was 32.1 +/- 7.9 kg/m(2), and 47% had a BP >130/80 mmHg. Mean eGFR was 43.4 +/- 13.5 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), and median (interquartile range) protein excretion was 0.17 g/24 h (0.07 to 0.81 g/24 h). Lower eGFR was associated with older age, lower socioeconomic and educational level, cigarette smoking, self-reported CVD, peripheral arterial disease, and elevated BP. CONCLUSIONS: Lower level of eGFR was associated with a greater burden of CVD as well as lower socioeconomic and educational status. Long-term follow-up of participants will provide critical insights into the epidemiology of CKD and its relationship to adverse outcomes.
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“Difficulty controlling BP in late stages of CKD was also seen in CRIC (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort), in which 88% of participants had stage 3 or 4 CKD.”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [302]
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The 60:40 conundrum: are women with CKD discriminated after referral to a nephrology clinic?
Vautcranne, A., Bianco, L., Mazé, B., Fois, A., Chatrenet, A., Moio, M. R., Santagati, G., Njandjo, L., de Müllenheim, P., Torreggiani, M., et al. (2025) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaf046
Claudel, S. E., Schmidt, I. M., Waikar, S. S., & Verma, A. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.01.025
Berbari, A. E., Daouk, N. A., & Daouk, M. M. (2025) · Updates in hypertension and cardiovascular protection · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-81292-7_1
Skarke, C., Yang, W., Sha, D., Lahens, N. F., Isakova, T., Unruh, M. L., tDeo, R., Carmona-Powell, E., Holmes, J. H., Ficarra, E., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.04.30.25326177
Self-citationKumari, U., Sumida, K., Wall, B. M., & Kovesdy, C. P. (2025) · The Nephron journals/Nephron journals · doi:10.1159/000547780
“Liu et al. [10], utilizing data from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) [23], similarly reported that U/P urea calculated from 24-h urine collections was independently associated with CKD progression, incident kidney failure, and mortality [10].”
Yu, Y. F., Jaar, B. G., Rao, P. S., Bhat, Z. Y., Rincon-Choles, H., Sosa, N., Ricardo, A. C., Taliercio, J. J., Dyke, L. V., Chen, J., et al. (2025) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.0000000845
Self-citationDiabetes Genetic Clusters and Clinical Outcomes in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort
Reynolds, K. M., Sha, D., Sun, Q., Parsa, A., Chen, J., Rincon-Choles, H., Dubin, R. F., He, J., Hsu, C., Yaffe, K. S., et al. (2025) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.0000000882
Self-citationAwwad, A., Rhee, E. P., Grams, M., Choles, H. R., Sondheimer, J., He, J., Chen, J., Hsu, C.-Y., Vasan, R. S., Kimmel, P. L., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25940041
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Self-citationAssefa, M., Zelnick, L. R., Kestenbaum, B. R., & Bansal, N. (2026) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0000001142
“12,15,16 When stratifying outcomes by HF subtype, we used a cutoff of left ventricular ejection fraction $ 50% to de fi ne HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and , 50% to de fi ne HF with reduced ejection fraction (HfrEF).”
Peschard, V.-G., Yang, W., Zhang, X., Shlipak, M. G., Brown, R. T., Tangri, N., Cabrera-Lagunes, A., Unruh, M. L., Taliercio, J. J., Weir, M. R., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2025.11.011
Self-citationSex differences in the development of CKD complications
Lombardi, G., Tomi, E. D., Lenoci, C., Gambaro, G., & Ferraro, P. M. (2026) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfag035
Sunderraj, A., Cai, X., Pasch, A., Feinstein, M. J., Mehta, R. C., Srivastava, A., Ricardo, A. C., Cohen, D. L., Isakova, T., & the CRIC Study Investigators (2026) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000550442
Bondarenko, A. S., Rozhinskaya, L. Y., Zhukov, A. Y., Иоутси, В. А., Ovcharov, M. V., Kolesnikova, G. S., Sleptsova, A. I., Trubitsyna, N. P., Vinogradov, V. E., Kotenko, O. N. K., et al. (2026) · Nephrology and Dialysis · doi:10.28996/2618-9801-2026-1-46-60
Chen, J., Tian, L., Bundy, J. D., Jaeger, B. C., Zhang, R., Li, C., He, H., Kumbala, D. R., Chen, C.-S., Garimella, P. S., et al. (2026) · Kidney Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xkme.2026.101351
Self-citationAssefa, M., Zelnick, L. R., Kestenbaum, B. R., de Wolski, K. S., & Bansal, N. (2026) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2026.01.016
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Self-citationPhysical Function Decline Among Adults With Moderate-to-Severe CKD
Schrauben, S. J., Brown, R., Shlipak, M. G., Tangri, N., Zhang, X., Nair, D., Leonard, M. B., Bauer, S., Lash, J. P., Balantrapu, S., et al. (2026) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2026.106584
“17,18 In brief, eligibility for phase 1 included adults aged 21 to 74 years with eGFR of 20 to 70 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 , whereas phase 3 required participants to have more preserved kidney function (eGFR: 45–70 ml/min per 1.73m 2 ) and older age (45–79 years).”
InfluentialSelf-citationPeripheral artery disease in chronic kidney disease: an underestimated comorbidity
Çöpür, S., Özbek, L., Basile, C., & Kanbay, M. (2026) · Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1093/joneph/aajaf014
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“13,14 Participants were included in the present study if they had ≥ 1 measurement of TRV before reaching KFRT.”
Association of Loop Diuretic Use with Hospitalization with Atrial Fibrillation in CKD
Ravi, K. S., Torres, A. L., & Causland, F. R. M. (2026) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0000001229
Metadata
- Authors
- Lash, J. P., Go, A. S., Appel, L. J., He, J., Ojo, A., Rahman, M., Townsend, R. R., Xie, D., Cifelli, D., Cohan, J., Fink, J. C., Fischer, M. J., Gadegbeku, C., Hamm, L. L., Kusek, J. W., Landis, J. R., Narva, A., Robinson, N., Teal, V., & Feldman, H. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Tulane University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lash, James P.
- Rahman, Mahboob
- Cohan, Janet
- Fischer, Michael J.
- Kusek, John W.
- Narva, Andrew
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1302-1311
- ISSN
- 1555-9041 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2723966
- OpenAlex
- W2160134719
- Cited by
- 619
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 11.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k24dk002651-10)
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5U01DK06102, 5K24DK002651, R01DK072231, K24-DK002651, U01DK060990, 5U01 DK60980, T32DK060455, U01DK060984, U01DK060902, U01DK060980, U01DK060963, U01DK061021, U01DK061028)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024131, RR-05096, UL1RR024989, UL1RR025005, M01RR013987, M01RR016500, M01RR-013987-06, UL1RR024986, M01RR005096, M01 RR-024986, M01RR 16500, M01RR000042)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Dialysis and Renal Disease Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- chronic kidney disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease progression, risk factors, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, proteinuria, peripheral arterial disease, smoking, quality of life, functional status, CRIC study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Educational Status, Female, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Humans, Kidney, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Proteinuria, Risk Factors, Smoking, Social Class, United States, Disease Progression, Risk Assessment, Patient Selection, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Young Adult
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