Intergenerational effects of maternal post-traumatic stress disorder on offspring epigenetic patterns and cortisol levels
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Aim: To investigate the association between maternal post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during pregnancy and offspring DNA methylation and cortisol levels. Materials & methods: Blood genome-wide DNA methylation and cortisol was measured in the youngest child of 117 women who experienced sexual violence/torture during the Kosovo war. Results: Seventy-two percent of women had PTSD symptoms during pregnancy. Their children had higher cortisol levels and differential methylation at candidate genes (NR3C1, HTR3A and BNDF). No methylation differences reached epigenome-wide corrected significance levels. Conclusion: Identifying the biological processes whereby the negative effects of trauma are passed across generations and defining groups at high risk is a key step to breaking the intergenerational transmission of the effects of mental disorders.
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There were six studies of trauma or PTSD following war, including two studies of Holocaust survivors, two on the Rwandan genocide, one from the Kosovo War, and one of Vietnam veterans.
“There were six studies of trauma or PTSD following war, including two studies of Holocaust survivors [83,94,95], two studies on the Rwandan genocide [90,91], and one each from the Kosovo War [96] and Vietnam veterans [97].”
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Aporias of Time and Geography: Towards Understanding Genealogies of Intergenerational Memory
Malisa, M. (2026) · Genealogy · doi:10.3390/genealogy10040158
- Authors
- Hjort, L., Rushiti, F., Wang, S.-J., Fransquet, P., P Krasniqi, S., I Çarkaxhiu, S., Arifaj, D., Xhemaili, V. D., Salihu, M., A Leku, N., & Ryan, J.
- Affiliations
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- Kosovo Rehabilitation Center for Torture Victims
- Danish Institute against Torture (DK)
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Hjort, Line
- Ryan, Joanne
- Venue
- Epigenomics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-05-17
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 967-980
- ISSN
- 1750-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1750-192X
- OpenAlex
- W3162093893
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 2.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Epigenomics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Danish Institute against Torture
- Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office through the British Embassy in Pristina
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- intergenerational transmission, DNA methylation, cortisol, pregnancy, sexual violence, torture, Kosovo War, NR3C1, HTR3A, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, epigenetic inheritance, trauma
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Biomarkers, Maternal Exposure, DNA Methylation, Computational Biology, Gene Expression Profiling, Epigenesis, Genetic, Epigenomics
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