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Patterns of Positive and Negative Religious Coping with Major Life Stressors
Abstract
Kenneth I. Pargament, Bruce W. Smith, Harold G. Koenig, Lisa Perez, Patterns of Positive and Negative Religious Coping with Major Life Stressors, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Dec., 1998), pp. 710-724
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“However, other studies reported that sometimes religion and/or spiritual coping are maladaptive (ie, negative religious coping), including deferring all responsibility to God, feeling abandoned by God when support is needed, or blaming God for difficulties.128,129”
From Pain and Evil: From Local Nociception to Misery Following Social Harm (2020) · cites this paper as [128]
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“Brief RCOPE—positive [59, 60] (B18 vs[18) 7 0.”
The Influence of Family Communication Patterns on Religious Orientation Among College Students
Fife, E. M., Nelson, C. L., & Messersmith, A. S. (2014) · Journal of Family Communication · doi:10.1080/15267431.2013.857326 · Cited by 17
God Help Me: Advances in the Psychology of Religion and Coping
Pargäment, K. I. (2002) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1163/157361203x00219 · Cited by 17
Terrorism, Post-traumatic Stress, Coping Strategies, and Spiritual Outcomes
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“Pargament’s illustrative methods of religious coping provided the theoretical basis for positive and negative spiritual coping items (Pargament et al. 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialDanske patienter intensiverer eksistentielle tanker og religiøst liv
Ausker, N. H., la Cour, P., Busch, C. J., Nabe-Nielsen, H., & Pedersen, L. M. (2008) · Ugeskrift for Læger · Cited by 17
Religious coping and psychological well-being among Iranian stroke caregivers.
Gholamzadeh, S., Hamid, T. A., Basri, H., Sharif, F., & Ibrahim, R. (2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 17
Gojer, A. R., Gopalakrishnan, R. M., & Kuruvilla, A. (2017) · International Journal of Culture and Mental Health · doi:10.1080/17542863.2017.1391856 · Cited by 16
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“Rather, they require only belief in a higher power.(7) Therefore, religious coping—although it suggests adherence to a certain religion—may be used by many who consider themselves spiritual but not religious.”
BackgroundInfluentialAlcohol use and coping in a cross-sectional study of African American homicide survivors
McDevitt‐Murphy, M. E., Zakarian, R. J., Luciano, M. T., Olin, C. C., Mazzulo, N. N., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2019) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2019.1598905 · Cited by 16
“The Brief RCOPE is the most widely used measure of religious coping and has performed well on indices of validity and reliability (see Pargament, Feuille, & Burdzy, 2011).”
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Alvarado-Díaz, E., & Pagán-Torres, O. M. (2021) · Revista Caribeña de Psicología · doi:10.37226/rcp.v5i1.5007 · Cited by 19
Religious service attendance and mortality among older Black men
Bruce, M. A., Beech, B. M., Kermah, D., Bailey, S., Phillips, N., Jones, H. P., Bowie, J. V., Heitman, E., Norris, K. C., Whitfield, K. E., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273806 · Cited by 16
“Chronic disease can present multiple stressors including burdensome therapeutic protocols and the loss of income, productivity, and quality of life [21,44].”
BackgroundShahama, A., Patel, A., Carson, J. F., & Abdel‐Khalek, A. M. (2022) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2022.2028748 · Cited by 25
“…such as prayer and faith as MENTAL HEALTH, RELIGION & CULTURE 643 individual difference factors which mediate the relationship between religiosity and subjective well-being (Compton, 2005; Diener et al., 2011; Donahue & Benson, 1995; Pargament, 1997; Pargament et al., 1998; Steger & Frazier, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-Transcendence: Association with Spirituality in an Italian Sample of Terminal Cancer Patients
Bovero, A., Pesce, S., Botto, R., Tesio, V., & Ghiggia, A. (2023) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs13070559 · Cited by 15
“Positive religious coping strategies are often used to cope with adverse events and can help people find meaning and purpose [20].”
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“The term positive religious coping refers to the use of religion by individuals to help them deal with a loss of control, view difficult experiences from a growth point of view, and find solace in a higher power or life plan (Pargament et al., 1998).”
BackgroundGryschek, G., Machado, D. D. A., Otuyama, L. J., Goodwin, C. D. G., & Lima, M. C. P. (2019) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2019.1640887 · Cited by 16
Fields, N. L., Xu, L., Richardson, V., Parekh, R., Ivey, D. L., & Calhoun, M. (2019) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301219871192 · Cited by 16
Meaning, religious/spiritual struggles, and well-being
Stauner, N., Exline, J. J., & Wilt, J. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817204-9.00021-4 · Cited by 23
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“…the power of God, feeling abandoned or punished by God, etc.) and the lack of a secure attachment to God (Hall and Brokaw 1995; Hebert et al. 2009; Manning-Walsh 2005; O’Brien et al. 2019; Pargament et al. 1998; Smith et al. 2003; Tran et al. 2012; Zarzycka 2014; Zwingmann et al. 2006).”
BackgroundResolving Anger toward God: Lament as an avenue toward Attachment
Snow, K. N., McMinn, M. R., Bufford, R. K., & Brendlinger, I. A. (2011) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164711103900204 · Cited by 16
“Brief Religious Coping Scale (RCOPE; Pargament et al., 1998; Pargament, Koenig, & Perez, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPersonal Relationships and Communication Messages at the End of Life
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A Critical Review of Trauma Interventions and Religion Among Youth Exposed to Community Violence
Sinha, J. W., & Rosenberg, L. B. (2012) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2012.730907 · Cited by 17
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“1999), as well as positive growth (Phillips and Stein 2007; Pargament et al. 1998) and well-being (Phillips and Stein 2007).”
BackgroundNonsuicidal Self-Injury and Spiritual/Religious Coping
Buser, J. K., Buser, T. J., & Rutt, C. C. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.39.2.04 · Cited by 16
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Rosmarin, D., Pirutinsky, S., Carp, S., Appel, M., & Kor, A. (2017) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000114 · Cited by 17
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“…view of the sacred and understanding of one’s self as working in collaboration with the sacred to overcome negative life challenges (e.g., believing the sacred will aid in time of need; Pargament et al., 1998), then the religious coping style can be characterized as positive religious coping.”
BackgroundInfluentialBelief in a concerned god predicts response to treatment for adults with clinical depression
Murphy, P. E., & Fitchett, G. A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20598 · Cited by 19
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“However, not all religious coping strategies may be useful and adaptive for the individual [20].”
BackgroundCancer family caregiver depression: are religion‐related variables important?
Williams, A.-L., Dixon, J. K., Feinn, R., & McCorkle, R. C. (2014) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3647 · Cited by 17
“Intrinsic practices such as prayer guide an individual to frame a stressor as being part of a Divine plan and therefore benevolent, or alternatively, as being a punishment from God or abandonment by God, and therefore malevolent [39].”
Validation de la version française d’une échelle abrégée de coping religieux : Brief-RCOPE
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“The present study examined how young adult PSSA use religion to cope with sexual stigma by incorporating the transactional theory of coping (Pargament et al. 1998) to complement existing theory and research in the PSSA and religion field.”
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Harris, J. R. A. (2019) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349637.2019.1685925 · Cited by 15
“The Brief RCOPE is a 14-item instrument that quantitatively assesses a client’s positive and negative religious coping practices.”
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Raddatz, J. S., Motta, R. F., & Alminhana, L. O. (2019) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712019240408 · Cited by 17
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Cruz‐Ortega, L. G., Gutiérrez, D., & Waite, D. (2015) · Counseling and Values · doi:10.1002/j.2161-007x.2015.00061.x · Cited by 15
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“For instance, several studies have found that patients can draw on R/S beliefs to cope in a negative way, such that they feel that they are being punished or abandoned by God.(54) As a result, such beliefs may be linked with greater distress, which may have played a role in the associations between religious coping an…”
BackgroundReligious and spiritual aspects of family assessment
J.Moncher, F., & Josephson, A. M. (2004) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(03)00092-0 · Cited by 15
The Use of Religious Coping Methods in a Secular Society
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Watkins, C. C., Kanu, I. K. A., Hamilton, J. B., Kozachik, S., & Gaston‐Johansson, F. (2017) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/17.onf.689-702 · Cited by 15
“The Cronbach alpha coefficient is 0.87 for the positive religious coping scale and 0.69 for the negative religious coping scale (Pargament, Smith, Koenig, & Perez, 1998).”
MethodInfluentialBerhane, H. Y., Ekström, E., Jirström, M., Berhane, Y., Turner, C. J., Alsanius, B. W., & Trenholm, J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207685 · Cited by 15
The role of personal and communal religiosity in the context of bereavement
Stelzer, E., Palitsky, R., Hernandez, E. N., Ramirez, E. G., & O'Connor, M. (2019) · Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community · doi:10.1080/10852352.2019.1617523 · Cited by 18
“…religious coping may indicate a disruption of positive meaning-making strategies, yielding an appraisal of oneself as in conflict with one’s religious worldview (Pargament et al., 1998), and is predictive of worse outcomes (Ano & Vasconcelles, 2005; Pargament, Koenig, Tarakeshwar, & Hahn, 2004).”
BackgroundHolt, C. L., Caplan, L. S., Schulz, E., Blake, V., Southward, V. L., & Buckner, A. V. (2009) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105309103572 · Cited by 16
“Convergent validity was examined through correlations with another religious coping instrument (Pargament et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSchottenbauer, M. A., Rodriguez, B. F., Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (2006) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712606x97840 · Cited by 15
Rasar, J. D., Garzon, F. L., Volk, F. A., O'hare, C. A., & Moriarty, G. L. (2013) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164711304100401 · Cited by 15
“AGI = Attachment to God Inventory; GIS = God Image Scales; SAI = Spiritual Assessment Inventory; RCOPE = Brief Measure of Religious Coping Scale; TSOS = Theistic Spiritual Outcome Survey.”
InfluentialConway, P., Redmond, T., Lundrigan, S., Davy, D., Bailey, S., & Lee, P. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/1854312 · Cited by 14
“Moreover, little research on moral injury — or CSAM for that matter — examines cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and religious coping [9 – 11].”
InfluentialÇakır, Z., Erbaş, Ü., Gönen, M., Ceyhan, M. A., Öktem, T., Kul, M., Dilek, A. N., & Güzel, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03108-x · Cited by 17
“Religious coping is regarded as an effective mechanism for stress management, particularly following trauma [64].”
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“Religious coping is the process of using tools associated with religion or spirituality to adjust to stressful situations (Avent Harris et al., 2019; Pargament et al., 1998) and can be either intrapersonal or interpersonal.”
BackgroundZhu, X., & Upenieks, L. (2022) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643221112141 · Cited by 13
“Taken together, spiritual forms of coping have been shown to play an important role in protecting mental health in the face of challenging circumstances (Pargament et al., 1998).”
BackgroundConversations with God: How Are Religion and Spirituality Used to Make Sense of Forgiveness?
Haikola, A. (2023) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-023-01081-z · Cited by 20
“Further, Pargament et al. (1998) have stated that people use religious forgiveness as a positive coping method, as in the current study.”
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Acosta, L. M. Y., & Ely, E. W. (2023) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.14021 · Cited by 14
“For example, some patients may have negative coping ascribed to religious practices, such as spiritual or religious discontent or fearing divine punishment (Pargament et al., 1998).”
BackgroundNazam, F., & Husain, A. (2024) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2024.2351936 · Cited by 14
“Interpersonal conflicts are those that occur between individuals in the community over religious or spiritual issues (Pargament et al., 1998).”
BackgroundOkan, N., & Ekşi, F. (2024) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-024-02175-5 · Cited by 14
“Spiritual coping strategies can help individuals find inner peace and increase their psychological resilience in the face of challenging events in their lives (Pargament et al., 1998).”
Terrorism, Posttraumatic Stress, Spiritual Coping, and Mental Health
Meisenhelder, J. B., & Cassem, E. H. (2009) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349630903081275 · Cited by 14
“Positive and negative spiritual coping attitudes were measured with five positive and five negative items from the brief Religious Coping (RCOPE) scale (Pargament et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodROCZNIKI PSYCHOLOGICZNE / ANNALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Soroko, E., & Psychologii, I. (2013) · Cited by 14
Doğan, M. (2016) · İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.15869/itobiad.283094 · Cited by 14
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Safaria, T. (2018) · Humanitas Indonesian Psychological Journal · doi:10.26555/humanitas.v15i2.5417 · Cited by 14
Xu, J. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105319882741 · Cited by 14
“This model (Pargament et al., 1998, 2000, 2011) distinguishes between positive religious coping approaches (e.g. reinterpreting a stressor as something that God uses to make one stronger; partnering with God in coping) and negative religious coping approaches (e.g. reinterpreting a stressor as…”
BackgroundNkoana, S. E., Sodi, T., Makgahlela, M., & Mokwena, J. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01406-3 · Cited by 15
“As it was highlighted before (Pargament, 1998; Pargament et al., 2004; Peteet & Balboni, 2013), the present study suggests that religious beliefs and practices may positively influence coping with PCa including what decisions people make after being diagnosed with prostate cancer.”
BackgroundThe pain and gain of religious/spiritual struggles: a longitudinal study of South African adults
Jung, J. H., Pargäment, K. I., Joynt, S., Kock, J. H. D., & Cowden, R. G. (2021) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2021.2003312 · Cited by 17
“Religious/spiritual struggles The Negative Religious Coping subscale of the Brief RCOPE (Pargament et al., 1998) was used to measure R/S struggles.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCoping with Domestic Violence by Japanese Canadian Women
Takano, Y. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-26238-5_14 · Cited by 14
Reactions to Terror Attacks in Ultra-Orthodox Jews: The Cost of Maintaining Strict Identity
Ankri, Y. L. E., Bachar, E., & Shalev, A. Y. (2010) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2010.73.2.190 · Cited by 15
Pearce, M., Koenig, H. G., Robins, C. J., Daher, N. S., Shaw, S. F., Nelson, B., Berk, L., Belinger, D., Cohen, H. J., & King, M. (2016) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349637.2015.1100971 · Cited by 19
Self-citationUnderstanding the Stresses and Coping Resources of Filipino Clergy Families: A Multiple-Case Study
Guzman, N. E. Q., & Teh, L. A. (2016) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-016-0698-0 · Cited by 14
Religion and Spirituality as Factors that Influence Occupational Stress and Well-Being
Cunningham, C. J. L. (2014) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1108/s1479-355520140000012004 · Cited by 16
Integrating Spiritual Issues into Therapy
Hefti, R. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511576843.017 · Cited by 14
God Images and Resilience: A Study of Vietnamese Immigrants
Nguyen, T. T., Bellehumeur, C. R., & Malette, J. (2015) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164711504300405 · Cited by 14
Tongeren, D. R. V., Worthington, E. L., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Reid, C. A., & Garthe, R. C. (2017) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000120 · Cited by 14
“This work is consistent with previous work demonstrating the value of positive religious coping in major events (Pargament et al., 1998) and specifically in the transition to parenthood (Lucero et al., 2013) by applying it to recovering from the relational discord elicited by the most hurtful…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRodríguez‐Galán, M. B., & Falcón, L. M. (2017) · Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging · doi:10.1080/15528030.2017.1413031 · Cited by 14
Grief and Avoidant Death Attitudes Combine to Predict the Fading Affect Bias
Gibbons, J. A., Lee, S. A., Fehr, A. M. A., Wilson, K. J., & Marshall, T. R. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15081736 · Cited by 17
“Negative religious coping describes a maladaptive process that involves feelings of confusion about one’s faith, abandonment by God, and reinterpretations of outcomes as acts of the Devil’s or God’s punishment [35].”
BackgroundSpirituality as predictor of depression, anxiety and stress among engineering students
Negi, A. S., Khanna, A., & Aggarwal, R. (2019) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-019-01092-2 · Cited by 17
“Spiritual struggles have been connected with greater emotional distress, anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and psychosomatic symptomatology, as well as lower levels of self-esteem (Pargament et al. 1998a; Pargament et al. 1998b; Exline et al. 1999, 2000; Wood et al. 2010).”
BackgroundQuality Toolbox: Self-Monitoring of a Stress Reduction Technique Using Wrist-Worn Counters
Bormann, J. E., Smith, T. L., Shively, M., Dellefield, M. E., & Gifford, A. L. (2007) · Journal for Healthcare Quality · doi:10.1111/j.1945-1474.2007.tb00175.x · Cited by 14
Winter-Pfändler, U., & Flannelly, K. J. (2011) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-010-9451-7 · Cited by 14
“…research indicating that religion and spirituality tend to become more important for individuals facing threatening and deleterious situations, and religious coping is more common among people confronted with stressful life events, including illness (Pargament et al. 1998; Bjorck and Thurman 2007).”
BackgroundCalvert, S. J. (2010) · Massey Research Online (Massey University) · Cited by 14
The Experience of Prayer With a Sacred Object Within the Context of Significant Life Stress
Miller, L. M., Gall, T. L., & Corbeil, L. (2011) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349637.2011.616101 · Cited by 13
“The use of positive coping is associated with a religious orientation composed of a strong, positive relationship with the divine and a trustworthy view of the world (Pargament et al., 1998).”
BackgroundLee, S. A., Gibbons, J. A., & Bottomley, J. S. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01450-z · Cited by 20
“The Brief-Religious Coping Scale (Pargament et al., 1998) was used to measure positive and negative forms of religious coping with loss (1 = not at all; 5 = a great deal).”
MethodBenites, A. C., de Oliveira‐Cardoso, É. A., & dos Santos, M. A. (2022) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2022.2051095 · Cited by 15
“Religion may play an important role for some at the end of life, but there are positive and negative forms of religious coping, these include spiritual connection, search for spiritual support, and experiencing a punishing God and spiritual discontent (Pargament et al., 1998).”
BackgroundRashid, M. A. U. H., Muneeb, S. A., Manzoor, M. M., & Fischer, F. (2023) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640231162277 · Cited by 14
Falewicz, A., Szczęśniak, M., Rybarski, R., Chmiel, M., Wilt, J. A., & Zarzycka, B. (2023) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-023-01816-5 · Cited by 15
“The 26-item version of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (Exline et al., 2014) was constructed as a development of Brief RCOPE (Pargament et al., 1998) and the Religious Comfort and Strain Scale (Exline et al., 2000).”
Kent, B. V., Upenieks, L., Kanaya, A. M., Warner, E. T., Cozier, Y. C., Daviglus, M. L., Eliassen, A. H., Jang, D. Y., & Shields, A. E. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaad007 · Cited by 13
“For example, positive religious coping (working with God to handle stressful situations) [30] has been linked to lower hypertension prevalence in a sample of white Seventh-Day Adventists in the USA [19].”
BackgroundSaunders, N., & Stephenson, Z. (2024) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-024-02119-z · Cited by 18
“The Brief RCOPE was developed to address the issue of length (Pargament et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKahramanmaraş Depremi Sonrası Travmatik Belirtiler, Dini Başa Çıkma ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş İlişkisi
Aka, M. (2024) · cumhuriyet ilahiyat dergisi · doi:10.18505/cuid.1516317 · Cited by 16
Putman, K. M., Blair, R. L., Roberts, R. C., Ellington, J. F., Foy, D. W., Houston, J. B., & Pfefferbaum, B. J. (2012) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765612438945 · Cited by 13
Habib, H. A., Hussain, S., & Habib, N. A. (2020) · Sir Syed Journal of Education & Social Research (SJESR) · doi:10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss3-2020(42-48 · Cited by 13
Posttraumatic Growth: An Analysis of the Concept Based on Rodgers’ Concept Development
Tehranineshat, B., & Torabizadeh, C. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-020-01144-y · Cited by 13
“(1998) in which the experience of the residents of Oklahoma of a bombing incident is explored (Pargament et al. 1998).”
BackgroundRudaz, M., Ledermann, T., & Grzywacz, J. G. (2018) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2018.1464091 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L.
- Venue
- Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1998-12
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 710
- ISSN
- 0021-8294 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W38293527
- Cited by
- 2,425
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 104 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 157 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 148 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 100 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 120 · 2014: 124 · 2013: 123 · 2012: 117
- FWCI
- 12.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- religious coping, positive religious coping, negative religious coping, religion and mental health
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