Cited by 478Visual Culture and Art TheoryAesthetic Perception and AnalysisVisual perception and processing mechanisms

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The Ecological Approach to the Visual Perception of Pictures

Gibson, James J.·1978·Leonardo

DOI 10.2307/1574154

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Abstract

Having rejected the picture theory of natural perception we can make a start on picture perception. To see the environment is to extract information from the ambient array of light. What is it, then, to see a picture of something? The information in ambient light does not consist of forms and colors but of invariants. Is it implied that the information in a picture does not consist of forms and colors but of invariants? That sounds very odd, for we suppose that a picture is entirely composed of forms and colors. The kind of vision we get from pictures is harder to understand than the kind we get from ambient light, not easier. It should be considered at the end of a treatise on perception, not at the beginning. It cannot be omitted, for pictures are an essential part of human life as much as

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“By so doing, these diagrams serve as a guide (Gibson, 1978; Silver, 2008; Suthers & Hundhausen, 2003) during the follow-up group conversations (in our study, the percentages of agreement that popped up when the mouse rolled over a cluster within the dendrogram guided sensemaking).”
Background
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“The term affordance originated from Gibson’s perceptual psychology which proposed that animals perceive the environment to provide behavioral possibilities, emphasizing the behavioral relationship between them, and reflecting the subjective/objective dichotomy [10].”
Background
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“(Gombrich, 1961; Goodman, 1968; Gibson, 1971; Gibson, 1978; Kemp, 1990; Hecht et al., 2003; Greenberg, 2021).”
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“The concept of affordances, as originally postulated by Gibson (1978), refers to the possibilities for action that emerge from the interactions of an organism with its environment.”
Introduction
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“Gibson 35 proposed the concept of “ affordance, ” emphasizing it as the property generated through the interaction between subjects and the environment.”
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“These possible actions are commonly referred to as affordances (usually referencing the original formulation by Gibson (1978) and/or the application to design by Norman (1988).”
Background
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Background
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Background
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Rhetoric from the standpoint of the Lifeworld
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“This closely relates to the idea of encoding object affordances [1].”
Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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“' [12].”
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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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Method
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“7 They are not explicit but can be pictured (Gibson, 1978, p. 228, 1979, p. 272).”
BackgroundInfluential
On the Person-Place Interaction and Its Relationship with the Responses/Outcomes of Listeners of Urban Soundscape (Compared Cases of Lisbon and Bogotá): Contextual and Semiotic Aspects
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Background
Some Comments on J. J. Gibson's Approach to Picture Perception
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Background
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“Moreover, this study is guided by the concept of affordance, put forth by Gibson (1978) as a construct of ecological psychology.”
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Method
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“Kose points to Gibson (1979) who suggests that photographs contain considerably more information than line drawings and that the additional information could interfere with the perception of spatial relationships. Guthrie and Su (1992) suggest that three factors (cognition, perception, and graphic representation) affe…”
Background
True Grid
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Background
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“The criticism against reductionism inherent in controlled experiments has a history in psychology (Brunswik, 1943; Gibson, 1978).”
Background
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BackgroundMethod
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“An enigma for Gibson” (2014), in http://www2.eca.usp.br/realidades/en/%cf%86-um-enigmapara-gibson/) Realities Research Group, Coordenator: Silvia Laurentiz, ECA-USP, Authors:Anita Cavaleiro, Cássia Aranha, Dario Vargas, Giovanna Lucci, Loren Bergantini, Silvia Laurentiz, Viviane Sá. in the screen area and the system d…”
Influential
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“However, some of these scholars and works were and still are ubiquitous in most scholarship related to visual phenomena (e.g. Arnheim, 1969; Gibson, 1978; Gombrich, 1960).”
The influence of IT affordance and flow on travel intention in travel live streaming: a hybrid HRA-ANN approach
Pu, B., Wang, L., Zhang, L., & Chen, S. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-03-2025-0552 · Cited by 5
Immobilization does not disrupt near-hand attentional biases
McManus, R. R., & Thomas, L. E. (2018) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2018.05.001 · Cited by 5
Touching Without Touching: The Paradox of the Digital Age
Racat, M., & Capelli, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36922-4_2 · Cited by 5
The battle against screen time: a systematic review of hedonic information systems use reduction
Nascimento, P., Oliveira, T., & Neves, J. (2024) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-10-2023-0857 · Cited by 5
Estimation of the Horizon in Photographed Outdoor Scenes by Human and Machine
Herdtweck, C., & Wallraven, C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081462 · Cited by 5
Enhancing object, action, and effect recognition using probabilistic affordances
Jaramillo-Cabrera, E., Morales, E. F., & Martínez-Carranza, J. (2019) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/1059712319839057 · Cited by 5
“The theory of affordances of objects, presented by Gibson (1978) in the field of perceptual psychology, has been used in different fields such as neuroscience or robotics (Jamone et al., 2018).”
Background
De la métaphore à l'allégorie dans la sémiotique écologique
Sonesson, G. (2006) · Protée · doi:10.7202/012269ar · Cited by 5
A computational approach to picture production and consumption is needed right here
Freeman, N. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00024377 · Cited by 2
An application of support vector machines and symmetry to computational modeling of perception through visual attention
Eghbalnia, H. R., & Assadi, A. H. (2001) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/s0925-2312(01)00569-0 · Cited by 5
Fighting Information Overload: Modelling, Predicting and Inducing Cognitive Fit in Human-Autonomy Teaming
Cabanag, M., Stanton, C. J., & Cass, J. (2024) · International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction (HAI) · doi:10.1145/3687272.3688305 · Cited by 4
Constructing an evaluation framework for child-friendly city: a case study of outdoor recreation spaces in Shenyang City, China
Fu, Y., & Wang, S. (2025) · Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering · doi:10.1080/13467581.2025.2467250 · Cited by 4
“ORSs intend to provide spatial environments that contribute to the physical and mental development of children, and Gibson (1978) described the functional characteristics of environmental objects as “Affordance”, implying the complementarity of environment and organism.”
Influential
Location estimation of approaching objects is modulated by the observer’s inherent and momentary action capabilities
Kandula, M., Hofman, D., & Dijkerman, H. C. (2016) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-016-4637-1 · Cited by 4
“According to this idea, initially proposed by Gibson (1978), the utilities of an object, or affordances , are subject to constraints imposed by the action repertoire of the user.”
Explanation of the Sense of Visual Perception in Cornering Based on Gaze Position and Optical Flows
Masuta, H., Nagai, Y., Kumano, Y., Motoyoshi, T., Sawai, K., Tamamoto, T., Koyanagi, K., & Oshima, T. (2020) · International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research · doi:10.1007/s13177-019-00218-w · Cited by 4
“insists on the importance of perception of ambient light [7], which represents the optical flow in image processing.”
Background
Influential Factors Affecting Tea Tourists’ Behavior Intention in Cultural Ecosystem Services: An Affordance Perspective
Fu, L., Xiong, C., & Xu, M. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152115503 · Cited by 4
Modeling Mobile Interface Tappability Using Crowdsourcing and Deep Learning
Swearngin, A., & Yang, L. (2021) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82681-9_3 · Cited by 4
DESIGN OF MOBILE HEART DISEASE APPLICATION BASED ON USERS PERSPECTIVE USING DESIGN SCIENCE RESEARCH APPROACH
Sobri, M., Ijab, M. T., Nayan, N. M., Tondas, A. E., & Paisal, P. (2020) · Journal of Information System and Technology Management · doi:10.35631/jistm.518007 · Cited by 4
Affordance-based Actionable Semantic Mapping and Planning for Mobile Rescue Robots
Bark, F., Daun, K., & von Stryk, O. (2023) · IEEE International Symposium on Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics (SSRR) · doi:10.1109/ssrr59696.2023.10499938 · Cited by 4
“The term originated in the field of cognitive psychology by Gibson [14].”
Background
The Challenge of Designing Interactive Scenarios to Train Nurses on Rostering Problems in a Virtual Clinical Unit
Lelardeux, C. P., Pingaud, H., Galaup, M., Ramolet, A., & Lagarrigue, P. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11932-4_56 · Cited by 4
An Affordance-Based Online Review Analysis Framework
Hou, T., Yannou, B., Leroy, Y., & Poirson, É. (2019) · Proceedings of the ... International Conference on Engineering Design · doi:10.1017/dsi.2019.252 · Cited by 4
“The concept of affordance was firstly proposed by psychologist Gibson (1978) to explain how animals perceive the environment around them.”
Background
Friendliness of route along the home-school journey for less privileged children in old city zone of Makassar
Asrun, A. M., Said, I., & Rusli, N. S. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/419/1/012094 · Cited by 4
“Movement is the center of children's lives, and through movement, children gather information regarding their environment [16-19].”
Background

Authors: Gibson, J. J.
Corresponding author: Gibson, James J.
Venue: Leonardo
Publisher: JSTOR
Published: 1978
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Pages: 227
ISSN: 0024-094X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/1574154
OpenAlex: W2324134362
Cited by: 456
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 137.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Leonardo (publishedVersion)
Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Visual Arts and Performing Arts › Visual Culture and Art Theory
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Keywords: image perception, visual perception, ecological approach, invariants, visual information

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The Ecological Approach to the Visual Perception of Pictures

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