Cited by 1,362Economic Theory and InstitutionsManagement and Organizational StudiesEvolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation

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A Grammar of Institutions

Crawford, Sue E. S., Ostrom, Elinor·1995·American Political Science Review

DOI 10.2307/2082975

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Abstract

The institutional grammar introduced here is based on a view that institutions are enduring regularities of human action in situations structured by rules, norms, and shared strategies, as well as by the physical world. The rules, norms, and shared strategies are constituted and reconstituted by human interaction in frequently occurring or repetitive situations. The syntax of the grammar identifies components of institutions and sorts them into three types of institutional statements: rules, norms, and shared strategies. We introduce the grammar, outline methods for operationalizing the syntax, apply the syntax to an analysis of cooperation in collective dilemma situations, and discuss the pragmatics of the grammar for analyses of behavior within complex institutional settings.

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Authors: Crawford, S. E. S., & Ostrom, E.
Affiliations: Creighton University (US)
Venue: American Political Science Review
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 1995-09
Volume: 89
Issue: 3
Pages: 582-600
ISSN: 0003-0554 (ISSN-L)
1537-5943
DOI: 10.2307/2082975
OpenAlex: W2037627831
Semantic Scholar: e2582728285ec5ceceeb904176b496cf94a46753
Cited by: 1,362
References: 128
Citations by year: 2026: 59 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 12.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 6576 d)
Locations: American Political Science Review (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Theory and Institutions
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
Keywords: institutional grammar, institutions, rules, norms, institutional statements, cooperation, social norms, human interaction

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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A Grammar of Institutions

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks