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The Irrelevance of Equilibrium Economics
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“Second, the existence of indivisibilities -and thus the need to solve 'scale bottlenecks' -in production may lead to organizational innovations, not just in the industry itself but through the whole value chain in which the industry is embedded.”
From Industrial Policy in the 21st Century (2020) · cites this paper as Kaldor, 1972
In the citing paper
“However, according to Kaldor (1972Kaldor ( : 1249-50)-50), the absorption of a continuously rising volume of production depends on 'additional incomes resulting from the accumulation of capital (in other words, from investment expenditures) combined with the induced character of such investment'.”
From Industrial Policy in the 21st Century (2020) · cites this paper as Kaldor, 1972: 1249-50
In the citing paper
“The banking sector enables capital investments which, in turn, generate the 'savingsadditional investments-savings' dynamics, while the merchants operate as countercyclical forces absorbing stocks in response to excess supply, and releasing stocks in the face of excessive demand.”
From Industrial Policy in the 21st Century (2020) · cites this paper as Kaldor, 1972
In the citing paper
“The banking sector enables capital investments which, in turn, generate the 'savingsadditional investments-savings' dynamics, while the merchants operate as countercyclical forces absorbing stocks in response to excess supply, and releasing stocks in the face of excessive demand.”
From Industrial Policy in the 21st Century (2020) · cites this paper as Kaldor, 1972
In the citing paper
“According to Kaldor, for the income multiplier and the investment accelerator mechanisms to be effective, the banking system as well as what he calls the 'merchants' have to play critical roles.”
From Industrial Policy in the 21st Century (2020) · cites this paper as Kaldor, 1972
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Items 301–400 of 1,000
Productivity and Growth in Austrialian Manufacturing Industry
Whiteman, J. (1987) · Journal of Post Keynesian Economics · doi:10.1080/01603477.1987.11489646 · Cited by 11
Financial Theory and Political Reality under Fundamental Uncertainty
Findlay, M. C., & Williams, E. E. (1981) · Journal of Post Keynesian Economics · doi:10.1080/01603477.1981.11489244 · Cited by 11
How Economics Became a Mathematical Science
Khan, M. A. (2004) · History of Political Economy · doi:10.1215/00182702-36-1-212 · Cited by 11
Styhre, A. (2017) · Accounting Economics and Law - A Convivium · doi:10.1515/ael-2016-0021
“(Rizzo, 1980, p. 658) For Rizzo (1980), the efficiency criterion is simply unrealistic as it is based on a general-equilibrium argument (see, for instance, Kaldor, 1972) that is untenable.”
BackgroundInnovative ways of thinking concerning economic governance after the global financial crisis
Lentner, C., & Kolozsi, P. P. (2019) · Problems and Perspectives in Management · doi:10.21511/ppm.17(3).2019.10 · Cited by 10
“One of the major experiences of the global financial crisis was that economic models should be more realistic, as expressed by Kaldor (1972).”
Barletta, F., Pereira, M., & Yoguel, G. (2013) · Industrial and Corporate Change · doi:10.1093/icc/dtt027 · Cited by 10
Seeing the Potential of Realism in Economics
Morgan, J. (2014) · Philosophy of the Social Sciences · doi:10.1177/0048393114530785 · Cited by 10
A note on Dani Rodrik, “Populism and the economics of globalization”
Ozawa, T. (2018) · Journal of International Business Policy · doi:10.1057/s42214-018-0014-z · Cited by 9
Money and its institutional substitutes: the role of exchange institutions in human cooperation
Harwick, C. (2017) · Journal of Institutional Economics · doi:10.1017/s1744137417000406 · Cited by 10
“This process of mutual feedback brings us back to the bootstrap problem (cf. Kaldor 1972): if specialization and the volume of exchange are mutually limiting, and if zero-fixed-cost institutions are a stable equilibrium, how does the process of investment in higher-fixed-cost exchange institutions…”
The Political Economy of WTO with Special Reference to NAMA Negotiations
Shafaeddin, M. (2010) · European Journal of Development Research · doi:10.1057/ejdr.2010.8 · Cited by 10
“…the allocative functions of the markets, thus allocative efficiency, to the exclusion of their creative functions as instruments of economic change (Kaldor,1972: 1240); it was concerned with the expansion of international tr de as against the development of “productive power”( economic…”
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Lavezzi, A. M. (2001) · Cited by 10
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Watson, K. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/chol9780521820387.008 · Cited by 10
Complexity and institutional evolution
Rosser, J., & Rosser, M. (2016) · Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review · doi:10.1007/s40844-016-0060-3
Nicholas Kaldor and Cumulative Causation: Public Policy Implications
Pressman, S., & Holt, R. P. F. (2008) · Journal of Economic Issues · doi:10.1080/00213624.2008.11507145 · Cited by 10
“It is not surprising that Kaldor (1972; 1985) would have serious concerns about equilibrium analysis given the discussions that were going on at the London School of Economics and Cambridge University during his undergraduate years.”
BackgroundAn Index of Openness and Its Relationship With Growth in India
Love, J., & Ramesh, D. P. C. (2004) · The Journal of Developing Areas · doi:10.1353/jda.2005.0012 · Cited by 10
“In Krueger (1978) and Bhagwati (1978) bias was defined as the ratio of the”
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Cesaratto, S. (1995) · Review of Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09538259500000041 · Cited by 10
The Restructuring of the Post-war British Space Economy
Dunford, M., & Perrons, D. (1986) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-18501-6_3 · Cited by 10
Ökonomische Verfügungsrechte und Allokationsmechanismen in Wirtschaftssystemen
Schenk, K.-E. (2021) · DUNCKER UND HUMBLOT eBooks · doi:10.3790/978-3-428-44179-2 · Cited by 10
Henry, J. F. (1983) · Journal of Post Keynesian Economics · doi:10.1080/01603477.1983.11489431 · Cited by 10
Nikiforos, M. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2186463 · Cited by 10
On the Desired Rate of Capacity UtilizationPreprint
Nikiforos, M. (2011) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 10
Increasing returns and labor markets in a predator–prey model
Giovanni Dosi, A., Usula, D., & Virgillito, M. E. (2024) · Journal of Evolutionary Economics · doi:10.1007/s00191-024-00861-x · Cited by 9
“These processes are indeed at the core of increasing returns that, according to Smith (Kaldor 1972; Young 1928), stimulate the rate of growth of labor productivity through the generation of economies of scale.”
Patomäki, H. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429470325-11 · Cited by 9
3Es for AI: Economics, Explanation, Epistemology
Kaul, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2022.833238 · Cited by 9
Padhi, S. P. (2022) · International Journal of Emerging Markets · doi:10.1108/ijoem-09-2021-1481 · Cited by 9
Teaching political economy: Curriculum and pedagogy
Stilwell, F. (2005) · The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) · Cited by 9
Core-Periphery Patterns Across the European Union
Carmen Pascariu, G., & Da Silva Duarte, M. A. P. (2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/9781787144958 · Cited by 9
János Kornai and general equilibrium theory
Vahabi, M. (2017) · Acta Oeconomica · doi:10.1556/032.2018.68.s.4 · Cited by 9
“The rejection of the convexity assumption is particularly supported by Kaldor’s (1972) major paper on the irrelevance of equilibrium.”
BackgroundInfluentialNotes on the Accumulation and Utilization of Capital: Some Theoretical Issues
Nikiforos, M. (2020) · Metroeconomica · doi:10.1111/meca.12407 · Cited by 9
A theory of planning horizons (2): the foundation for an ethical economics
Jennings, F. B. (2012) · The Journal of Philosophical Economics · doi:10.46298/jpe.10634 · Cited by 9
“…interdependent decisions suggesting that cooperation is efficient due to contagious horizon effects and the complementarities of increasing returns (Kaldor, 1972; 1975) and intangible goods. indeed, the balance of human relations is horizonal in this sense: longer and broader horizons shift our…”
BackgroundBalance-of-payments-constrained growth in Brazil: 1951-2008
Alencar, D., & Strachman, E. (2014) · Journal of Post Keynesian Economics · doi:10.2753/pke0160-3477360405 · Cited by 9
“…growth divided by the income elasticity of demand for imports. this is the dynamic analog of the harrod trade multiplier (harrod, 1933), as revised by Kaldor (1966, 1970, 1972, 1975) and by Kennedy and thirlwall (1979). the original harrod trade multiplier assumes that the terms of trade are…”
BackgroundBarker, T., & Scrieciu, Ş. (2009) · International Journal of Global Warming · doi:10.1504/ijgw.2009.029212 · Cited by 9
O’Hara, P. A. (2012) · Cross Connect (Southern Cross University) · Cited by 9
Long-Run Growth in Open Economies
Blecker, R. A. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195390766.013.0017 · Cited by 9
Caraveli, H. (2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-78714-495-820171001 · Cited by 9
Technological versus Pecuniary External Economies: The Former Should Rule the Roost
Padhi, S. P. (2019) · Journal of Economic Issues · doi:10.1080/00213624.2019.1557002 · Cited by 9
“However, Kaldor (1972) notes that this discussion of the pecuniary external economies has J. B.”
BackgroundInfluentialDisequilibrium and Increasing Returns in Adam Smith's Analysis of Growth and Accumulation
REID, G. C. (1987) · History of Political Economy · doi:10.1215/00182702-19-1-87 · Cited by 9
Sobre la efectividad de la política regional comunitaria: El caso de Castilla-la Mancha* por
Sosvilla‐Rivero, S., Rubio, Ó. B., & Roldán, C. D. (2003) · Cited by 9
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Wikström, P. (2006) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) · Cited by 9
Theories of the Firm and the Relationship between Different Perspectives on the Division of Labour
Smyth, R., & Lo, D. (2000) · Review of Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09538250050127490 · Cited by 9
“(Kaldor, 1972, p. 181) Richardson makes a similar point about the meaning of competition: In the Wealth of Nations … competition is given more to do than equate demands and supplies within the context of a given structure and given technology; the invisible hand also has to adopt both structure and…”
BackgroundPolitics and Economic Reform in MalaysiaPreprint
Ritchie, B. K. (2004) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.509682 · Cited by 9
“…policies encouraged firms to remain small, making the “Kaldorian” technological progress associated with economies of scale difficult (as opposed to Korea); limited the ability of the government to acquire technology on 6 See World Bank 2003 (Malaysia brief); Waldner 1999 and Kaldor 1972.”
BackgroundSkøtt, P. (2021) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.7275/1069233 · Cited by 9
Dynamic Capabilities, Developmental Industrial Strategy and The Strategic SCA of NationsPreprint
Pitelis, C. N. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2749110 · Cited by 9
On the Finding of an Equilibrium: Düpp e–Weintraub and the Problem of Scientific Credit
Khan, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20191247 · Cited by 9
Groenewegen, P. (1987) · The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_675-1 · Cited by 9
Aspromourgos, T., Mori, K., Morioka, M., Opocher, A., Rosser, J. B., Shiozawa, Y., Taniguchi, K., Kurz, H. D., & Salvadori, N. (2021) · Metroeconomica · doi:10.1111/meca.12345 · Cited by 8
Labour Productivity and Technological Capability: An Econometric Analysis on the Italian Regions
Guarini, G. (2009) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781781007754.00018 · Cited by 8
Political Interference and Stock Price Consequences of Local Bias
Aabo, T., Pantzalis, C., & Park, J. C. (2016) · Financial Review · doi:10.1111/fire.12101 · Cited by 8
“…financial economics literature has largely ignored the role of politics in domestic capital market segmentation.3 In line with the reasoning of Kaldor (1972), we argue that politics can induce dynamic geographic segmentation of domestic capital markets, especially in a country like the…”
BackgroundPaul Krugman, New Trade Theory and New Economic Geography
Chandra, R. (2021) · Palgrave studies in economic history · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83761-7_8 · Cited by 8
Caraveli, H. (2016) · World Review of Political Economy · doi:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.7.1.0029 · Cited by 8
The rise of the service economy
Millward, R. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/chol9780521820387.011 · Cited by 8
Convergence of actual, warranted, and natural growth rates in a Kaleckian–Harrodian‐classical model
Kemp-Benedict, E. J. (2020) · Metroeconomica · doi:10.1111/meca.12305 · Cited by 7
“These observations suggest the conclusion of Kaldor (1972) that history matters more than equilibrium.”
Multi-agent systems as a tool for analyzing path-dependent macrodynamics
Setterfield, M., & Suresh, S. G. (2016) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2016.03.001 · Cited by 8
“Most famously associated with the work of Kaldor (1970, 1972, 1981, 1985), but also found in the earlier work of Myrdal (1957), Young (1928), and Veblen (1919), cumulative causation is usually associated with the dynamics of wealth accumulation and growth.”
The Causes of Euro Instability
Arestis, P., Mariscal, I. B., Brown, A., & Sawyer, M. C. (2001) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.2139/ssrn.264295 · Cited by 8
“On the real side of the economy, Mydral (1957) and Kaldor (1972, 1985) have analysed the processes of cumulative causation and uneven development generated by the operation of unfettered markets.”
BackgroundBritish fiscal policy since 1939
Clark, T. S., & Dilnot, A. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/chol9780521820387.015 · Cited by 8
AN ANALYSIS OF THE FIRM, MARKET STRUCTURE AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS*
REID, G. C. (1979) · Scottish Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9485.1979.tb00530.x · Cited by 8
What Remains of the Growth Controversy?Preprint
Wulwick, N. J. (2000) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.186358 · Cited by 8
Kaldor on method: a challenge to contemporary methodology
Boylan, T. A., & O'Gorman, P. (1997) · Cambridge Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a013683 · Cited by 8
Llerena, P., & Lorentz, A. (2003) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 8
Dunford, M. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008044910-4.00868-3 · Cited by 8
IS THERE ANOTHER, QUITE DIFFERENT, “ADAM SMITH PROBLEM”?
Waterman, A. M. C. (2014) · Journal of the History of Economic Thought · doi:10.1017/s1053837214000534 · Cited by 7
“Nicholas Kaldor ( 1972 ) gives an extended commentary on Young ( 1928 ), arguing that Smith’s price theory in WN I.iv–vii rests on the assumption of competitive equilibrium and CRS, and hence is contradicted by his analysis of division of labor in WN I.i–iii.”
BackgroundSupply Chain Management Opportunities for Regional Economic Development
Closs, D. J., Bolumole, Y., & Rodammer, F. A. (2014) · Transportation Journal · doi:10.5325/transportationj.53.4.0453 · Cited by 7
Importance of Employment Growth: A Perspective on Technological Progress
Padhi, S. P. (2018) · Indian Journal of Labour Economics · doi:10.1007/s41027-018-0135-2 · Cited by 7
“As noted Kaldor (1972) suggested a Keynesian mechanism (i.e. finance-led investment) that forms the basis of the working out of the Youngian external economiesled cumulative causation process.”
BackgroundInfluentialGabrisch, H. (2019) · Empirica · doi:10.1007/s10663-019-09467-0 · Cited by 7
Bassi, F., Bauermann, T., Lang, D., & Setterfield, M. (2020) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2022.09.005 · Cited by 7
Kurose, K. (2021) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2021.05.010 · Cited by 7
Causal Nexus between Sci-Tech Talent and Economic Growth in the Pan-Yangtze River Delta of China
Hu, C., & Jiang, H. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13126707 · Cited by 7
Raška, P., Riezner, J., Bíl, M., & Klimeš, J. (2023) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103748 · Cited by 7
An Evaluation of Indian Manufacturing Exports Performance
Padhi, S. P. (2015) · Foreign Trade Review · doi:10.1177/0015732514558141 · Cited by 7
“However, if division of labour permits higher market shares (and higher returns), and if they are based on demand diversion from others (say through price reduction), money expenditure remaining the same, it will not support technological external economies (see also Kaldor, 1972).”
BackgroundKregel, J. A. (2011) · Journal of Economic Issues · doi:10.2753/jei0021-3624450203 · Cited by 7
János Kornai’s Anti-Equilibrium, a harbinger of evolutionary economics
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Productivity growth and technical change
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Economic Theory and its History
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Emergence versus neoclassical reductions in economics
Chorafakis, G. (2020) · Journal of Economic Methodology · doi:10.1080/1350178x.2020.1727549 · Cited by 7
“The resurgence of emergence in recent years is due to the shortcomings of the reductionist project and the rise of the 1 Inter alia, Veblen (1898); Kaldor (1972); Robinson (1974); Sen (1977); Georgescu-Roegen (1979); Mirowski (1989); Kirman (1989); Ormerod (1994); Blaug (1998); Keen (2001);…”
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The physical foundation of economics
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Are Poor Countries Coming Closer to the Rich
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Pernecky, M., & Wojick, P. (2018) · Cambridge Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/cje/bey039 · Cited by 6
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Howlett, P. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/chol9780521820387.002 · Cited by 6
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Foundations of Complex Behavioral Economics
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“…literature that has pointed out the theoretical anachronism with which the concept of increasing returns has been treated by filtering classical economists and early neoclassical economists through an equilibrium paradigm (see Kaldor 1972; Blitch, 1983; Currie, 1997; Sandilands 2000; Rima 2004).”
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Ochoa-Jiménez, D., Herrera, R. A., & Pereira, C. (2022) · Revista Económica · doi:10.54753/rve.v10i1.1290 · Cited by 6
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Guarini, G. (2011) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 6
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Firme, V. D. A. C., & Vasconcelos, C. R. F. (2015) · EconomiA · doi:10.1016/j.econ.2015.09.004 · Cited by 6
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Padhi, S. P. (2015) · Review of Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09538259.2015.1076254 · Cited by 6
“Here, it can be assumed, following Kaldor (1972), that such higher savings (and finance) can support external economies for the realization of increasing domestic returns following the adoption of a generalized division of labour.”
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D’Arcy, É. (2006) · Pacific Rim Property Research Journal · doi:10.1080/14445921.2006.11104395 · Cited by 6
“However, the real world reality of many markets deviates considerable from this neoclassical world (Kaldor, 1972; Hodgson, 1994).”
BackgroundTHE THEORETICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC METHODOLOGY: SAMUELSON'S FOUNDATIONS
Kregel, J. A. (1980) · Metroeconomica · doi:10.1111/j.1467-999x.1980.tb00604.x · Cited by 6
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kaldor, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kaldor, Nicholas
- Venue
- The Economic Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1972-12
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 328
- Pages
- 1237
- ISSN
- 0013-0133 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1980427659
- Cited by
- 1,013
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 26.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Economic Journal (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economic Theory and Policy
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic theories and models
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Theory and Institutions
- Keywords
- economic equilibrium, economic methodology, general equilibrium
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