Cited by 3,263Survey Sampling and Estimation TechniquesSurvey Methodology and NonresponseCensus and Population Estimation

Randomized Response: A Survey Technique for Eliminating Evasive Answer Bias

Warner, Stanley L.·1965·Journal of the American Statistical Association

Abstract

For various reasons individuals in a sample survey may prefer not to confide to the interviewer the correct answers to certain questions. In such cases the individuals may elect not to reply at all or to reply with incorrect answers. The resulting evasive answer bias is ordinarily difficult to assess. In this paper it is argued that such bias is potentially removable through allowing the interviewee to maintain privacy through the device of randomizing his response. A randomized response method for estimating a population proportion is presented as an example. Unbiased maximum likelihood estimates are obtained and their mean square errors are compared with the mean square errors of conventional estimates under various assumptions about the underlying population.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/01621459.1965.10480775

Cites

0 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 5 not checkable

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  • Existing defenses against targeted backdoor attacks can be categorized into detection methods and erasing methods.

    “Existing defenses against the targeted backdoor attacks can be categorized into two types: detection methods and erasing methods [150].”

Cites

  • Sampling Techniques, Second Edition

    G., C. W. (1963)

    Unresolved
  • Some Theory of Sampling

    E., D. W. (1950)

    Unresolved
  • Sample Survey Methods and Theory, Volume I

    H., H. M. (1953)

    Unresolved
  • Sample Survey Methods and Theory, Volume II

    H., H. M. (1953)

    Unresolved
  • Sampling Opinions

    F., S. F. (1963)

    Unresolved

Flagged first, then by citations

5 of the 5 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

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Authors
Warner, S. L.
Affiliations
Claremont Graduate University (US)
Corresponding author
Warner, Stanley L.
Venue
Journal of the American Statistical Association
Published
1965-03
Volume
60
Issue
309
Pages
63-69
ISSN
  • 0162-1459 (ISSN-L)
  • 1537-274X
OpenAlex
W2013823004
Cited by
3,263
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 135 · 2025: 189 · 2024: 224 · 2023: 211 · 2022: 190 · 2021: 219 · 2020: 208 · 2019: 185 · 2018: 171 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 151 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 120 · 2012: 96
FWCI
2.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of the American Statistical Association (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Census and Population Estimation
Keywords
randomized response, sensitive questions, population proportion estimation, maximum likelihood estimation, mean squared error comparison, survey nonresponse
MeSH terms
Data Collection, Surveys and Questionnaires, Research, Sampling Studies

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