The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC ORIGINS OF PERCEIVED SOCIAL LOAFING IN ORGANIZATIONS.
Abstract
It was hypothesized and found that task visibility and intrinsic task involvement would each be negatively associated with “social loafing” in an ongoing organization. Individuals engaged in social...
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Subsequent research by Latané (1986) and others demonstrated that when outcomes are identifiable, tasks are visible (George, 1992), and participants are held accountable for their outcomes, the loafing effect is eliminated.”
From The Moderating Influence of In-Group Collectivism on Social Loafing: An Experimental Study on a Manufacturing Factory (2026) · cites this paper as George, 1992
In the citing paper
“Field research helps determine whether study results can be generalized to intact workgroups in an organizational setting (George, 1992).”
From The Moderating Influence of In-Group Collectivism on Social Loafing: An Experimental Study on a Manufacturing Factory (2026) · cites this paper as George, 1992
In the citing paper
“A substantial body of research (e.g., George, 1992; Harkins and Szymanski, 1989) identifies individual responsibility, task identifiability, and accountability as key mechanisms for mitigating social loafing.”
From The Moderating Influence of In-Group Collectivism on Social Loafing: An Experimental Study on a Manufacturing Factory (2026) · cites this paper as George, 1992
Citations
Cites
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.
Tufte, E. R., Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1979) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2286442 · Cited by 5,214
Many Hands Make Light the Work: The Causes and Consequences of Social Loafing
Latané, B., Williams, K., & Harkins, S. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.822 · Cited by 2,216
Work, employment, and unemployment: Values, theories, and approaches in social research.
Jahoda, M. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.2.184 · Cited by 1,111
State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work.
George, J. M. (1991) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.76.2.299 · Cited by 951
Self-citationEarley, P. C. (1989) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393567 · Cited by 900
Pay and Organizational Effectiveness: A Psychological View.
Lazarus, H., & Lawler, E. E. (1972) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.2307/2521335 · Cited by 833
Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects.
Kerr, N. L., & Bruun, S. E. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.78 · Cited by 770
Identifiability as a deterrant to social loafing: Two cheering experiments.
Williams, K. D., Harkins, S. G., & Latané, B. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.2.303 · Cited by 539
Effects of task difficulty and task uniqueness on social loafing.
Harkins, S. G., & Petty, R. E. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.6.1214 · Cited by 465
Rational Behavior in Groups: The Free-Riding Tendency
Albanese, R., & Fleet, D. D. V. (1985) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1985.4278118 · Cited by 374
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 399
Board ownership and processes in family firms
Zona, F. (2014) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-014-9587-z · Cited by 34
Student Perceptions of Social Loafing in Undergraduate Business Classroom Teams
Jassawalla, A. R., Malshe, A., & Sashittal, H. C. (2008) · Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4609.2008.00183.x · Cited by 33
“…evaluators cannot know the true extent of an individual’s effort and cannot reward and punish individuals based on the team effort leads some to infer that there is not much to gain by doing more, and little to lose by contributing less (e.g., Gagne & Zuckerman, 1999; George, 1992; Guerin, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialKanten, P. (2014) · Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University AVESIS · Cited by 32
Visualized Automatic Feedback in Virtual Teams
Glikson, E., Woolley, A. W., Gupta, P., & Kim, Y. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00814 · Cited by 34
“Building on the demonstrated importance of intrinsic motivation for reducing social loafing and increasing team effort (George, 1992), team composition researchers have looked at team members’ personality trait of conscientiousness (Bell, 2007; Hoon and Tan, 2008).”
BackgroundWong, A. S. H., Tjosvold, D., & Liu, C. (2009) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00554.x · Cited by 34
Teng, C.-C. C., & Luo, Y.-P. (2014) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-014-0177-2 · Cited by 35
“George (1992) indicated that social loafing is frequent in low productivity groups, and this phenomenon has been found to negatively influence group performance (Ferrari & Psychyl 2012).”
BackgroundLow-quality LMX relationships, leader incivility, and follower responses
Thompson, G., Buch, R., & Glasø, L. (2018) · Journal of General Management · doi:10.1177/0306307018788808 · Cited by 30
“Even though social loafing has been linked to important outcomes, studies examining its antecedents have been confined to laboratory settings (see George, 1992, 1995) and may have omitted critical predictors of social loafing in the workplace (Comer, 1995).”
BackgroundLiu, Z., Guo, Y., Liao, J., et al. (2021) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-08-2020-0325 · Cited by 31
An Information-Processing Approach to Participation in Small Groups
Bonito, J. A. (2001) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365001028003002 · Cited by 31
Stieglitz, S., Mirbabaie, M., Möllmann, N. R. J., & Rzyski, J. (2021) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-021-10201-0 · Cited by 35
“In corporate contexts, a possible decrease in motivation is one of the biggest obstacles for teamwork (George, 1992); it is thus vital to minimize individual tendencies to loaf (Schippers, 2014) especially for maintaining cohesiveness of teams (Taylor et al.”
BackgroundKaltenbrunner, K. A., & Renzl, B. E. (2019) · VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11266-019-00123-6 · Cited by 28
“George (1992) also shows how intrinsic involvement affects social loafing.”
BackgroundSocial Loafing in Organizational Work Groups: The Mitigating Effect of Servant Leadership
Stouten, J., & Liden, R. C. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-849867-5.00002-1 · Cited by 36
Organizations as Human Communities and Internal Markets: Searching for Duality
Cunha, M. P. E., Rego, A., & Vaccaro, A. (2013) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1998-2 · Cited by 28
“Free riding and social loafing at individual level Low levels of individual and group performance (George 1992; Henrich 2006; Rutte 2003)”
BackgroundDiffusion of responsibility in group work: Social loafing
Tosuntaş, Ş. B. (2020) · Journal of Pedagogical Research · doi:10.33902/jpr.2020465073 · Cited by 29
“Task Visibility Scale The task visibility scale was adapted from George (1992) by Ülke (2006) to determine the perceptions of employees regarding their managers’ awareness of their efforts.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBehavior‒Output Control Theory, Trust and Social Loafing in Virtual Teams
Robert, L. (2020) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti4030039 · Cited by 32
Sustaining Collaborative Effort in Work Teams: Exchange Ideology and Employee Social Loafing
Byun, G., Lee, S., Karau, S. J., & Dai, Y. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12156241 · Cited by 27
Investigating the Role of the Big Five on the Social Loafing of Information Technology Workers1
Ülke, H. E., & Bilgiç, R. (2011) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2011.00559.x · Cited by 26
“There are studies that found a negative relationship between task visibility and SL (Atoum & Farah, 2001; George, 1992; Liden et al., 2004).”
InfluentialBeyond Anthropomorphism: Social Presence in Human– AI Collaboration Processes
Siemon, D., Elshan, E., de Vreede, T., Ebel, P., & de Vreede, G. (2025) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.70000 · Cited by 36
“In fact, a strong social presence of human teammates can increase the behavioural intention to contribute (George, 1992; Haines, 2021).”
TMX, social loafing, perceived accountability and OCB
Dai, Y.-D., Hou, Y.-H., Wang, C.-H., Zhuang, W.-L., & Liu, Y.-C. (2018) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2018.1500554 · Cited by 25
“In addition, intrinsic involvement, as indexed by task significance, task meaningfulness, and contribution, was associated with low social loafing (George, 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialO’Leary, K. C., O’Reilly, P., Feller, J., Gleasure, R., Li, S., & Cristoforo, J. (2017) · International Symposium on Open Collaboration · doi:10.1145/3125433.3125464 · Cited by 22
“Indeed, George purports that the reason individual productivity is not maximized is mainly because employees do not believe their work has a direct contribution to the entire organization, nor do they trust their employers to effectively record their work [11].”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of organizational citizenship behaviour on group performance
Sevi, E. (2010) · Journal of Modelling in Management · doi:10.1108/17465661011026149 · Cited by 24
Structural and relational influences on the role of reward interdependence in product innovation
Clercq, D. D., Thongpapanl, N., & Dimov, D. P. (2014) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/radm.12090 · Cited by 21
“Thus, reward interdependence can lead to both a lower sense of individual accountability and a greater feeling of personal dispensability (George, 1992; Price et al., 2006).”
Mitigating Social Loafing in Team-Based Learning
Frash, R. E., Kline, S. F., & Stahura, J. M. (2004) · Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism · doi:10.1300/j172v03n04_04 · Cited by 21
Toplumsal Bir Hastalık: Sosyal Kaytarma
Ilgın, B. (2013) · Usak University Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.12780/uusbd215 · Cited by 20
The ‘if-then’ rules matter more? The roles of regulatory focus and leader–member exchange
Dai, Y.-D., Zhuang, W.-L., Ko, A., & Okumuş, F. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102602 · Cited by 20
“2 Regulatory focus and social loafing George (1992) and Karau and Williams (1993) defined social loafing as the tendency of individuals to make less effort when performing work in groups (working collectively) as opposed to working alone (working individually).”
BackgroundŞeşen, H., & Kahraman, Ç. A. (2014) · İş ve İnsan Dergisi · doi:10.18394/iid.08880 · Cited by 20
Only When Others Are Watching: The Contingent Efforts of High Status Group Members
Lount, R. B., Doyle, S., Brion, S., & Pettit, N. C. (2019) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2018.3103 · Cited by 21
Security Risk Models for Cyber Insurance
Insua, D. R., Baylon, C., & Vila, J. (2020) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780429329487 · Cited by 20
Zhang, C., Li, N., Han, S., Zhang, Y.-D., & Hou, R.-J. (2021) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2021.101051 · Cited by 23
When teammates raise a white flag
Mulvey, P. W., Veiga, J. F., & Elsass, P. M. (1996) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/ame.1996.9603293195 · Cited by 20
Chen, C., Song, H., Wang, D., & Wang, B. (2024) · Journal of Innovation & Knowledge · doi:10.1016/j.jik.2024.100634 · Cited by 19
Empowering Individuals for Team Innovation in China: Conflict Management and Problem Solving
Tjosvold, D., Yu, Z., & Wu, P. (2009) · Negotiation and Conflict Management Research · doi:10.1111/j.1750-4716.2009.00036.x · Cited by 19
“Believing that they can prosper from group success without effort, team members have been found to engage in social loafing and letting others do the work (George, 1992; Karau & Williams, 1993; Williams & Karau, 1991).”
BackgroundA multidimensional measure of employees’ intangibles
Longo, M., & Mura, M. (2007) · Management Research News · doi:10.1108/01409170710773698 · Cited by 19
Longo, M., & Mura, M. (2008) · Corporate Governance · doi:10.1108/14720700810863814 · Cited by 19
Co-worker transparency in a microtask marketplace
Kinnaird, P., Dabbish, L., Kiesler, S. B., & Faste, H. (2013) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2441776.2441921 · Cited by 19
Perceptions of social loafing during the process of group development
Zhu, M., Singh, S., & Wang, H. (2019) · International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior · doi:10.1108/ijotb-04-2018-0049 · Cited by 19
An Investigation of the Relationship between Social Loafing and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Karadal, H., & Saygın, M. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.487 · Cited by 19
Finholt, T. A., & Teasley, S. D. (1998) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/089443939801600106 · Cited by 21
“Results suggest that loafing can be diminished by increasing the identifiability and uniqueness of members’ contributions to a task (e.g., George, 1992), the ease with which contributions are evaluated (e.g., White, Kjelgaard & Harkins, 1995), members’ accountability for their work (e.g., Kerr &…”
BackgroundDark traits, social loafing and team member exchange: who slacks and when?
Wilhau, A. J. (2021) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-10-2020-0624 · Cited by 22
Redundant Systems Influences on Performance
Contte, J. M., & Jacobs, R. R. (1997) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1004_3 · Cited by 18
Utilitarian and ontological variation in individualism-collectivism
Wagner, J. A. (2002) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0191-3085(02)24009-5 · Cited by 18
Şeşen, H., Soran, S., & Caymaz, E. (2014) · Cited by 18
Comparative Incentive SystemsPreprint
Coccia, M. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3364500 · Cited by 18
Edrees, H. N. E., Sobaih, A. E. E., Gharbi, H., & Elnasr, A. E. A. (2023) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm16020075 · Cited by 17
Rutte, C. G. (2003) · doi:10.1002/9780470696712.ch17 · Cited by 17
Perceptions of Social Loafing in Groups: Role of Conflict and EmotionsPreprint
Singh, S., Wang, H., & Zhu, M. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3132871 · Cited by 17
Organizational efficacy, job satisfaction and well-being
Capone, V., & Petrillo, G. (2015) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/jmd-01-2014-0008 · Cited by 16
Imer, P., Kabasakal, H., & Dastmalchian, A. (2014) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2014.44 · Cited by 17
“…seem more appropriate to predict situation-related attitudes or behavior, traits are accepted as the precursors of states as dispositional antecedents of attitudes and/or behavior Pinar H Imer, Hayat Kabasakal and Ali Dastmalchian 444 JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATION (e.g., George, 1991; 1992).”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial Loafing in Brainstorming CMC Teams: The Role of Moral Disengagement
Alnuaimi, O. A., Robert, L., & Maruping, L. M. (2009) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2009.396 · Cited by 16
Relationship between social loafing and the self-concept
Varshney, D. (2018) · Journal of Indian Business Research · doi:10.1108/jibr-11-2017-0230 · Cited by 16
You, J. W. (2023) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2023.2219298 · Cited by 15
Rippon, D., McDonnell, A., Smith, M., McCreadie, M., & Wetherell, M. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229706 · Cited by 15
“Working alongside colleagues who avoid caregiver duties, which was identified as inhibiting the successful delivery of care, can be explained by the phenomenon of Social Loafing, which suggests that individual members of staff reduce their effort when working as part of a team as opposed to when working independently…”
BackgroundGüçer, E., Pelit, E., DEMİRDAĞ, Ş. A., & Keleş, Y. (2017) · Journal of Business Research - Turk · doi:10.20491/isarder.2017.260 · Cited by 14
A Functional Model of Social Loafing: When and How Does Social Loafing Enhance Job Performance?
Liu, X., Zheng, X., Yu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Schaubroeck, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-023-05599-3 · Cited by 16
“Although some studies have identified situational factors such as task visibility (George, 1992), social exchange relationships (Murphy et al., 2003), reward structure (Pearsall et al., 2010), and workplace ostra-cism (Xu et al., 2017) as antecedents of social loafing, other forces—particularly…”
InfluentialYan, Y., Zhao, P., & Zha, X. (2023) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2023.101233 · Cited by 14
Employee work motivation and discretionary work effort
Morris, R. (2009) · QUT Business School · Cited by 14
Perceptions of Social Loafing During the Process of Group DevelopmentPreprint
Singh, S., Wang, H., & Zhu, M. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3161269 · Cited by 15
Chen, C., Wang, B., An, H., et al. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02612-6 · Cited by 13
Awee, A., Mohsin, F. H., & Makhbul, Z. K. M. (2020) · International Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.32890/ijms.27.2.2020.7523 · Cited by 18
“The current instrument used was adopted from George (1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBae, K. B. (2021) · International Review of Administrative Sciences · doi:10.1177/00208523211027329 · Cited by 15
“Individuals experience intrinsic motivation, however, when they perceive their work as interesting, enjoyable, or purposeful (Frey and Jegen, 2001; George, 1992).”
BackgroundMaladaptive vs. Faithful Use of Internet Applications in the Classroom: An Empirical Examination
Galluch, P. S., & Thatcher, J. B. (2011) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 13
Bououd, I., Skandrani, S. R., Boughzala, I., & Makhlouf, M. (2016) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-016-9655-9 · Cited by 13
“(cid:129) I defer responsibilities I should assume to others (George 1992; George 1995) (cid:129) I put forth less effort on the job when other collaborators are around to do the work.”
BackgroundResultManagerial Solutions that Increase the Effect of Group Synergy and Reduce Social Loafing
Jolita, V., & Justina, B. (2017) · Management of Organizations Systematic Research · doi:10.1515/mosr-2017-0019 · Cited by 4
Forsyth, D. R. (2014) · Cited by 13
O’Leary, K. C., Gleasure, R., O’Reilly, P., & Feller, J. (2021) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2021.102369 · Cited by 12
Sociopsychotechnological Predictors of Individual’s Social Loafing in Virtual Team
Abraham, J., & Trimutiasari, M. (2015) · International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) · doi:10.11591/ijece.v5i6.pp1500-1510 · Cited by 12
“Psychological scale measuring individual’s social loafing in a virtual team is adapted from George [30].”
BackgroundJiang, S., Zhang, X., Cheng, Y., Dongming Xu, A., de Pablos, P. O., & Wang, X. (2019) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-10-2018-0641 · Cited by 12
Workflow transparency in a microtask marketplace
Kinnaird, P., Dabbish, L., & Kiesler, S. B. (2012) · International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work (GROUP) · doi:10.1145/2389176.2389219 · Cited by 12
“General Terms Human Factors Keywords Crowdsourcing, workflow, visualization, CSCW, task motivation, productivity, entitativity”
BackgroundDecreasing Tax Collectors' Perceived Social Loafing through Collaborative Behaviors of Taxpayers
Lee, P.-C., Chen, C.-M., & Chou, C.-H. (2013) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/mut015 · Cited by 14
Minosky, S. A., Wiechers, M., & Landaverde-Umana, L. (2022) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/14697874221128023 · Cited by 15
“One, George (1992) stated that individuals contributing to a collaborative task should consider increasing task significance, task meaningfulness and contribution.”
Does Teaming Obscure Low Performance? Exploring the Temporal Effects of Team Performance Diversity
Rubino, C., Avery, D. R., Volpone, S. D., & Ford, L. R. (2014) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2014.956175 · Cited by 14
“Prior evidence (e.g., Finkelstein & Hambrick, 1990; George, 1992; LePine, 2003) indicates that mean prior performance (i.e., GPA), mean number of prior group projects completed by each team member (i.e., experience), and team members’ aggregated perceptions of how visible social loafing behavior…”
BackgroundMethodGraf, B., Antoni, C. H., Müller, R., Schischke, D., & Ellwart, T. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107925 · Cited by 11
Lee, P.-C., Chen, C.-M., & Liou, K. (2015) · Public Performance & Management Review · doi:10.1080/15309576.2016.1071172 · Cited by 12
“Intrinsic rewards are considered the strongest substitutes for the positive effect of a manager’s monitoring behavior on the performance of employees (Kerr & Jermier, 1978), effectively reducing social loafing (George, 1992).”
BackgroundİŞTEN AYRILMA NİYETİ VE AŞIRI ROL YÜKÜNÜN OTEL ÇALIŞANLARININ SOSYAL AYLAKLIK DAVRANIŞLARINA ETKİSİ
Akgündüz, Y., Akdağ, G., GÜLER, O., & Sünnetçioğlu, S. (2015) · Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.16953/deusbed.45831 · Cited by 11
Social loafing among nurses and its relation with organizational justice
Khorasani, E., Moradi, F., Vazirinasab, H., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches · doi:10.4103/2395-2296.152226 · Cited by 11
Solving social loafing phenomenon through Lean-Kanban
Chen, J. C.-C., & Cheng, C.-Y. (2018) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/jocm-12-2016-0299 · Cited by 11
The impact of cognitive apprenticeship on the perceived growth of junior doctors
Tsukube, T., & Matsuo, M. (2020) · Journal of Workplace Learning · doi:10.1108/jwl-04-2020-0055 · Cited by 11
Christensen, P. H., & Foss, N. J. (2020) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2020.07.006 · Cited by 11
Perceived Social Loafing in Undergraduate Software Engineering TeamsPreprint
Pabico, J. P., Hermocilla, J. A. C., Galang, J. P. C., & Sagun, C. C. D. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1507.08345 · Cited by 14
“Degree to which their fellow team members engaged in social loafing; All survey questions were adapted from George [7], Piezon and Ferree [27], and Welbourne, et al. [29].”
MethodBokhari, S. A. A., & Aftab, M. (2022) · Data in Brief · doi:10.1016/j.dib.2022.108085 · Cited by 11
Exploring Coworker Perceptions of and Reactions to Quiet Quitting
Bennett, A. A., Epler, R. T., Thomas, V. L., & Jalil, D. (2025) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.70014 · Cited by 17
Guan, X., Zhang, L., Liu, X., & Liu, Q. (2025) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104104 · Cited by 12
Understanding and Preventing Shirking, Job Neglect, Social Loafing, and Free Riding
Bennett, N., & Naumann, S. E. (2004) · Cited by 10
Prediktor Social Loafing dalam Konteks Pengerjaan Tugas Kelompok pada Mahasiswa
Fitriana, H., & Saloom, G. (2018) · INSAN Jurnal Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental · doi:10.20473/jpkm.v3i12018.13-22 · Cited by 9
Ofole, N. M. (2020) · Open Learning The Journal of Open Distance and e-Learning · doi:10.1080/02680513.2020.1736020 · Cited by 42
“This finding corroborates those of Gouveia (2014) and Ezeh et al.”
MethodResultSocial loafing prevention in agile software development teams using team expectations agreements
Fronza, I., & Wang, X. (2021) · IET Software · doi:10.1049/sfw2.12019 · Cited by 13
“George’s hypotheses, the two main variables contributing to the factors that influence social loafing are task visibility and intrinsic involvement [45].”
BackgroundProcess performance appraisal systems: a working substitute to individual performance appraisal
Kenett, R. S., Waldman, D. A., & Graves, S. B. (1994) · Total Quality Management · doi:10.1080/09544129400000047 · Cited by 10
Dadaboyev, S. M. U., Baek, Y., & Paek, S. (2023) · Baltic Journal of Management · doi:10.1108/bjm-07-2022-0271 · Cited by 9
Müller, R., Graf, B., Ellwart, T., & Antoni, C. H. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09858-4 · Cited by 9
“While social presence awareness describes the feeling of being connected to other team members (Short et al., 1976), activity awareness describes whether team members are aware of others’ activities (George, 1992).”
BackgroundTransformational women leadership: a road to sustainable development goal of women empowerment
Gaur, D., Gupta, K., & Pal, A. (2023) · Journal of Global Responsibility · doi:10.1108/jgr-04-2023-0053 · Cited by 14
Developing High Performance Teams: Long-Standing Principles That Work
Lunenburg, F. C., & Lunenburg, M. R. (2015) · Cited by 9
Intentional negative behaviors at work
Dimotakis, N., Ilies, R., & Mount, M. (2008) · Research in personnel and human resources management · doi:10.1016/s0742-7301(08)27006-4 · Cited by 6
The Relationship between Organizational Justice and Social Loafing in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
THÀNH, V. B., & Toan, N. V. (2018) · Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business · doi:10.13106/jafeb.2018.vol5.no3.179 · Cited by 9
“According to Greenberg (1987) organizational justice is the employee's perception of fairness in the place where they work, which means organizational justice is the way in which the employee feels they are treated publicly.”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial loafing in online brand communities: the roles of personality and dehumanization
Hou, R.-J., Han, S., Zhang, Y.-D., Zhang, C., & Wang, K. (2021) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-06-2020-0255 · Cited by 9
Nicholson, J., Coventry, L., & Briggs, P. (2018) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) · Cited by 9
Chiu, S.-I., Chen, T. Y., Chang, T. L., & Chen, C. Y. (2020) · International Journal of Psychiatry Research · doi:10.33425/2641-4317.1058 · Cited by 10
“This scale was amended from the Social Loafing Scale developed by George [49] to evaluate the reduced efforts of individuals during the learning process of group tasks.”
Identifying struggling teams in online challenge-based learning
Nguyen, T. H., Gijlers, H., & Pisoni, G. (2023) · Higher Education Skills and Work-based Learning · doi:10.1108/heswbl-06-2022-0131 · Cited by 8
Local Rules and Fitness Landscapes: A Catastrophe Model
Haslett, T., Moss, S. A., Osborne, C., & Ramm, P. (2000) · Nonlinear Dynamics Psychology and Life Sciences · doi:10.1023/a:1009567912673 · Cited by 8
Understanding Participation: Situational Participation, Intrinsic Involvement, and Influence
Dow, K. E., Watson, M. W., Greenberg, P. S., et al. (2012) · Advances in management accounting · doi:10.1108/s1474-7871(2012)0000021007 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- George, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Corresponding author
- George, J. M.
- Venue
- Academy of Management Journal
- Publisher
- Academy of Management
- Published
- 1992-03-01
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 191-202
- ISSN
- 0001-4273 (ISSN-L)
- 1948-0989
- OpenAlex
- W2152533089
- Semantic Scholar
- 5942d065b6a336a8069f1751af1c98cede658898
- Cited by
- 407
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 6.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Academy of Management Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- social loafing, task visibility, extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, group performance, organizational behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
