Economic Insecurity, Prejudicial Stereotypes, and Public Opinion on Immigration Policy

“ment increases [31]; this may also apply to mental illness.”

“Independence and freedom for immigrant students are existence beyond individualization (Burns and Gimpel, 2000; Orpen, 1985; Kuratko, 2016).”

“In sum, a threat to the economy may increase the sense of cultural threat as well, especially for people who already identify strongly with the dominant national culture (Burns and Gimpel 2000).”

“…and negative stereotypes are more durable and elicit greater affective reactions to political issues (Gilens, 1996; Hurwitz and Peffley, 1997; Burns and Gimpel, 2000; Peffley and Hurwitz, 2002; Wood and Bartkowski, 2004).5 Given this discussion, we expect that both positive and negative…”

“…groups— including children, older adults, single parents, ethnic minorities, and migrants—seem to be especially vulnerable to hardship-related poor mental health (Bøe et al., 2014; Burgard & Hawkins, 2014; Burns & Gimpel, 2000; Evans-Lacko et al., 2013; Sargent-Cox et al., 2011; WHO, 2011).”

“People who hold strong negative stereotypes of ethnic groups are more likely to favour restrictions on migration (Burns & Gimpel, 2000; Pearson, 2010).”

“National and local economic conditions (Rustenbach 2010), as well as one’s absolute and relative socio-economic position (Burns and Gimpel 2000; Hjerm 2007, 2009; Kunovich 2004; Quillian 1995; Scheve and Slaughter 2001; Semyonov, Raijman, and Gorodzeisky 2006; Wilkes, Guppy, and Farris 2008).”

“In the United States, the divergent approaches to immigration management and control initiated by various sectors of the federal government and more recently by individual state legislatures reflect the increasing polarization around immigration policy (Burns and Gimpel, 2000; Schrag, 2010).”

“This is despite both mainstream media and research studies on the purported negative effects of immigrants on the employment opportunities of working class blacks (Borjas 1999, 2000; Burns and Gimpel 2000; Marrow 2011; Waldinger 1996).”

“Finally, he referenced a mainstream stereotype that “they don’t pay taxes” (Burns & Gimpel, 2000), implying immigrants are engaged in wrongdoing.”

“Other studies have confirmed that economic conditions are a key determinant of attitudes toward immigrants and immigrant-related policy (Burns & Gimpel, 2000; Fennelly & Federico, 2008).”

“…have found that Americans’ attitudes are driven largely by perceptions of threat, negative racial attitudes, economic selfinterest, and a variety of immigrant characteristics (Brader et al. 2008; Burns and Gimpel 2000; Citrin et al. 1997; Fetzer 2000; Hopkins 2010; Scheve and Slaughter 2001).”

“Ethnic/racial difference and cultural practices (e.g., religion) constitute the primary determinants of antipathy within this scholarship (Burns and Gimpel 2000; Chandler and Tsai 2001; Citrin et al. 1997; Dustmann and Preston 2007; Espenshade and Hempstead 1996; Esses, Jackson, and Armstrong 1998;…”

“Previous studies (Burns and Gimpel 2000; Espenshade and Hempstead 1996) have found that a perceived economic competition in the form of a pessimistic personal economic outlook leads to greater negativity towards immigrants compared to an actual one (Espenshade and Calhoun 1993).”

“This is actually in line with some research in other national contexts showing only a modest impact or no impact at all for income level on attitudes toward immigration (Citrin et al. 1997; Burns and Gimpel 2000).”

“Young populations tend to be more pro-immigrant and proimmigration than older US populations (Espanshade and Calhoun, 1993; Burns and Gimpel, 2000; Fetzer, 2000; Hood and Morris, 2000).”

“9See, for example, Espenshade and Hempstead (1996), Citrin et al. (1997), Burns and fimpel (2000), Chandler and Tsai (2001), Sides and Citrin (2007).”

“…result one has been able to observer an increase in negative attitudes towards migrants (including asylum seekers) and growing pressures on policy-makers to respond to such concerns among the electorate with more restrictive policies (Burns and Gimpel 2000; Fetzer 2000; Ceobanu and Escandell 2010).”

“…people are more hostile towards immigrants (Card et al., 2005; Sobczak, 2007), whereas other studies find a positive relationship between age and anti-immigrant sentiment (Burns & Gimpel, 2000) arguing that older individuals are more likely to support exclusion of out-groups (Gorodzeisky,10 2011).”

“…skill levels (Hainmueller and Hiscox 2010), perceptions about the economy (Calavita 1996; Espenshade and Hempstead 1996; Citrin et al. 1997; Burns and Gimpel 2000), perceived job and tax impact (Citrin et al. 1997), group affect (Citrin et al. 1997), group stereotypes (Burns and Gimpel…”

“…2008; Hopkins 2010; Money 1997; Quillian 1995; Rydgren 2003), while others emphasize individual-level determinants of immigration preferences (Burns and Gimpel 2000; Hainmueller and Hiscox 2007, 2010; Mayda 2006; O’Rourke and Sinnott 2006; Scheve and Slaughter 2001; Sides and Citrin 2007;…”

“Scholars have also examined whether there is similar variation in whites’ attitudes toward immigrants and their co-ethnics (Hood and Morris 1997; Burns and Gimpel 2000; Oliver and Wong 2003; Campbell, Wong and Citrin 2006; Gay 2006; Lewis and Ramakrishnan 2007; Ha 2010; Hopkins 2010; Ramakrishnan…”

“From a fiscal burden perspective (Facchini and Mayda 2009), high-income Whites may react negatively to Hispanic growth given the perception that they will be relatively more likely to utilize certain public resources (Burns and Gimpel 2000).”

“These two questions aim at measuring optimism about the state of the economy which has been shown to relate to restrictive attitudes toward immigration (e.g. Burns and Gimpel 2000).”

“Such tension is theorized to derive from worries about economic competition, as some see the economy as a key determinant of public opinion about immigration (Citrin et al. 1997; Borjas 1999; although see also Burns and Gimpel 2000).”

“…that while people’s perception of their financial situation has mostly neutral effects, their impression of the national economic outlook has a positive association with their attitudes toward immigration (Burns & Gimpel, 2000; Citrin et al., 1997; Hainmueller & Hiscox, 2007; Wilkes et al., 2008).”

“We expect greater support for EU migration among women, younger people, urban residents, and ethnic minorities (Berg, 2010; Bogard and Sherrod, 2008; Burns and Gimpel, 2000; Pichler, 2010).”

“Prior research has demonstrated that socioeconomic status—particularly education level— significantly predicts Americans’ attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy (Burns and Gimpel 2000; Espenshade and Hempstead 1996; Suro 2009).”

“2 This rapid demographic change coincides with the rising public concern regarding immigrants’ use of public services, such as education, social assistance, and health care (Burns and Gimpel, 2000; Fix, 2009; Hainmuller and Hiscox, 2010).”

“…to LPR, policy experts have identified the American immigration structure as ‘broken’ and ‘inflexible’ due to its inability to deal with the legal economic and social forces driving migration (Burns & Gimpel, 2000; Jacoby, 2006; Meissner, Meyers, Papademetriou, & Fix, 2006; Thronson, 2010).”

“Finally, we measure (in)tolerance as state-level anti-immigrant sentiment, since negative views of immigration are, at least in part, the product of deep-seated cultural factors, such as ethnocentrism or xenophobia (Burns and Gimpel 2000; Hainmueller and Hiscox 2010).”

“…economic threats from immigrants (Mangum, 2019), closer 1Correspondent Author E-Mail: spark@uwsp.edu Park, S. proximity to Latinos and increasing intergroup contact (Ha, 2010; Tropp et al., 2018), and compositional concerns of immigrant impacts on culture (Burns & Gimpel, 2000; Schildkraut, 2011).”

“While socio-psychological factors studied in Espenshade and Calhoun (1993) and Burns and Gimpel (2000) are associated with a particular ethnic group, Latinos, several studies suggest a generalized antagonism against out-groups in anti-immigration attitudes (cf. Hopkins, 2015; Valentino, Brader, &…”

“…studies believe that support and attitudes vary across characteristics such as race, education, income, gender, age, class status, or unemployment (Burns & Gimpel, 2000; Chandler & Tsai, 2001; Coenders et al., 2008; Hainmueller & Hopkins, 2014; Haubert & Fussell, 2006; Mayda, 2006; Neal & Bohon,…”

“However, we know that anti-migration sentiment and prejudice comments can surge during economic recessions [13] and pandemics [14].”

“, 1997; Burns and Gimpel, 2001; Fetzer, 2000; Dustmann and Preston, 2001; Gang, et al., 2002). Other studies have found larger effects of economic factors, while still finding significant effects from social considerations (Espenshade and Hempstead, 1996; Kessler, 2001; Mayda, 2003). Finally, a recent paper by Scheve…”

“They are also more likely to express anti-immigrant sentiment and vote for more restrictive immigration policies (Burns & Gimpel, 2000; Chandler & Tsai, 2019; Haubert & Fussell, 2006).”

“Prejudice against Latinos appears to increase support for restrictive immigration policies and services (Ayers et al., 2009; Burns and Gimpel, 2000; Citrin et al., 2001; Houvouras, 2001; Pantoja, 2006).”

“When it comes to the economic domain, economists have most extensively written about economic threat and competition (Burns and Gimpel 2000; Espenshade and Hemstead 1996; Hjerm and Nagayoshi 2011; Olzak 1992; Manevska and Achterberg 2011) and the idea of a split labour market (Bonacich 1972;…”

“…relationship between blackness and attitudes toward immigration is also inconsistent with previous arguments that blacks are more likely than whites to hold negative attitudes toward immigration (Epenshade 1996; Burns and Gimpel 2000; Espenshade and Calhoun 1993; Hood, Erwin, and Shirkey 1997).”

“For instance, whites tend to evaluate Hispanics as more ignorant and incompetent than whites (Burns and Gimpel 2000; Dixon and Rosenbaum 2004; Devine and Elliott 1995), and to view Hispanics as less likely to be highly educated and professionally successful (Lichter et al. 1987).”

“…area is a common practice among scholars who attempt to estimate the effect of demographic context on ethnoracial attitudes (e.g., see Berg 2009; Burns and Gimpel 2000; Ceobanu and Escandell 2010; Cohrs and Stelzl 2010; Dixon 2006; Dixon and Rosenbaum 2004; Escandell and Ceobanu 2009; Ha 2010;…”