The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
Abstract
Contents: Preface. Introduction. Part I: The Environment To Be Perceived.The Animal And The Environment. Medium, Substances, Surfaces. The Meaningful Environment. Part II: The Information For Visual Perception.The Relationship Between Stimulation And Stimulus Information. The Ambient Optic Array. Events And The Information For Perceiving Events. The Optical Information For Self-Perception. The Theory Of Affordances. Part III: Visual Perception.Experimental Evidence For Direct Perception: Persisting Layout. Experiments On The Perception Of Motion In The World And Movement Of The Self. The Discovery Of The Occluding Edge And Its Implications For Perception. Looking With The Head And Eyes. Locomotion And Manipulation. The Theory Of Information Pickup And Its Consequences. Part IV: Depiction.Pictures And Visual Awareness. Motion Pictures And Visual Awareness. Conclusion. Appendixes: The Principal Terms Used in Ecological Optics. The Concept of Invariants in Ecological Optics.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Many studies in the cognitive science literature, conducted in quite disparate domains, have observed that the knowledge representation of experts is organized in a functional hierarchy [12, 30].”
From Ecological interface design: theoretical foundations (1992) · cites this paper as [12]
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation
Nonaka, I. (1994) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.5.1.14 · Cited by 17,809
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Framework for Teacher Knowledge
Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006) · Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x · Cited by 12,604
Barsalou, L. W. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002149 · Cited by 6,887
Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science
Clark, A. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12000477 · Cited by 5,924
Barsalou, L. W. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639 · Cited by 5,936
Metadata
- Authors
- Bornstein, M. H., & Gibson, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- ORCID
- Bornstein, Marc H.
- Venue
- The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1980
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 203
- ISSN
- 0021-8529 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1933657216
- Cited by
- 22,935
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 570 · 2024: 584 · 2023: 565 · 2022: 543 · 2021: 1056 · 2020: 1101 · 2019: 1051 · 2018: 958 · 2017: 888 · 2016: 909 · 2015: 1013 · 2014: 1033 · 2013: 978 · 2012: 900
- FWCI
- 101.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- ecological optics, visual perception, direct perception, affordances, self-perception, motion perception, locomotion, depiction, visual awareness, invariants, animal-environment relationship
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
