The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Are Investors Influenced by Pro Forma Emphasis and Reconciliations in Earnings Announcements?
Open accessAbstract
This study presents the results of an experiment that examines how two underlying characteristics of pro forma earnings announcements, pro forma emphasis and the presence of a quantitative reconciliation, influence nonprofessional investors' and analysts' reliance on pro forma disclosures. The results indicate that the emphasis management places on pro forma earnings, not the mere presence of pro forma earnings, influences nonprofessional investors' judgments and decisions, but that this influence is mitigated by the presence of a quantitative reconciliation. Further analysis reveals that the influence of pro forma emphasis on nonprofessional investors' judgments and decisions seems to be the result of an unintentional cognitive effect as opposed to the perceived informativeness of the earnings figure emphasized by management. Analysts' judgments and decisions were also affected by the presence of reconciliation, but in the opposite direction to those of nonprofessional investors. Specifically, the presence of a quantitative reconciliation led analysts to view pro forma earnings as more reliable, increasing their reliance on the pro forma disclosure in judging the earnings performance of the firm.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124 · Cited by 28,810
Payne, J. W., Bettman, J. R., & Johnson, E. J. (1993) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139173933 · Cited by 3,487
Leave, C. (1994) · Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.1057/jors.1994.133 · Cited by 3,309
Behavioral Decision Theory: Processes of Judgement and Choice
Einhorn, H. J., & Hogarth, R. M. (1981) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.000413 · Cited by 1,691
Order effects in belief updating: The belief-adjustment model
Hogarth, R. M., & Einhorn, H. J. (1992) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(92)90002-j · Cited by 1,588
Salience, Attention, and Attribution: Top of the Head Phenomena
Taylor, S. E., & Fiske, S. T. (1978) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60009-x · Cited by 1,294
Journal of Accounting Research
(2010) · Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/(issn)1475-679x · Cited by 1,126
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
(2008) · Encyclopedia of Finance · doi:10.1007/0-387-26336-5_844 · Cited by 1,095
On cognitive busyness: When person perceivers meet persons perceived.
Gilbert, D. T., Pelham, B. W., & Krull, D. S. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.733 · Cited by 1,088
Cited by
Are Investors Influenced By How Earnings Press Releases Are Written?
Henry, E. (2008) · Journal of Business Communication · doi:10.1177/0021943608319388 · Cited by 893
Merkl-Davies, D. M., & Brennan, N. M. (2011) · Accounting and Business Research · doi:10.1080/00014788.2011.574222 · Cited by 331
The Effect of Quarterly Report Readability on Information Efficiency of Stock Prices*
Lee, Y. (2012) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/j.1911-3846.2011.01152.x · Cited by 258
Beyond earnings quality: evaluating the quality of corporate disclosure practices
Dechow, P. M., Ge, W., Loh, W. T., & McVay, S. (2026) · Review of Accounting Studies · doi:10.1007/s11142-026-09971-2 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Elliott, W. B.
- Venue
- The Accounting Review
- Publisher
- American Accounting Association
- Published
- 2006-01-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 113-133
- ISSN
- 0001-4826 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-7967
- OpenAlex
- W3122801308
- Cited by
- 355
- References
- 36
- FWCI
- 64.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Are Investors Influenced by Pro Forma Emphasis and Reconciliations in Earnings Announcements? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2308/accr.2006.81.1.113
- The paper
- Elliott, W. B. (2006). Are Investors Influenced by Pro Forma Emphasis and Reconciliations in Earnings Announcements? The Accounting Review. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2006.81.1.113
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
