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Increased Skeletal Muscle Capillarization Independently Enhances Insulin Sensitivity in Older Adults After Exercise Training and Detraining
Open accessAbstract
Intramuscular signaling and glucose transport mechanisms contribute to improvements in insulin sensitivity after aerobic exercise training. This study tested the hypothesis that increases in skeletal muscle capillary density (CD) also contribute to exercise-induced improvements in whole-body insulin sensitivity (insulin-stimulated glucose uptake per unit plasma insulin [M/I]) independent of other mechanisms. The study design included a 6-month aerobic exercise training period followed by a 2-week detraining period to eliminate short-term effects of exercise on intramuscular signaling and glucose transport. Before and after exercise training and detraining, 12 previously sedentary older (65 ± 3 years) men and women underwent research tests, including hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps and vastus lateralis biopsies. Exercise training increased Vo2max (2.2 ± 0.2 vs. 2.5 ± 0.2 L/min), CD (313 ± 13 vs. 349 ± 18 capillaries/mm2), and M/I (0.041 ± 0.005 vs. 0.051 ± 0.007 μmol/kg fat-free mass/min) (P < 0.05 for all). Exercise training also increased the insulin activation of glycogen synthase by 60%, GLUT4 expression by 16%, and 5′ AMPK-α1 expression by 21%, but these reverted to baseline levels after detraining. Conversely, CD and M/I remained 15% and 18% higher after detraining, respectively (P < 0.05), and the changes in M/I (detraining minus baseline) correlated directly with changes in CD in regression analysis (partial r = 0.70; P = 0.02). These results suggest that an increase in CD is one mechanism contributing to sustained improvements in glucose metabolism after aerobic exercise training.
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“The molecular adaptations that regulate insulin sensitivity after one exercise bout lead to sustained elevations in insulin action with regular physical training 57-60.”
From Effect of exercise training on insulin-stimulated glucose disposal: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2023) · cites this paper as [58]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Prior, S. J., Goldberg, A. P., Ortmeyer, H. K., Chin, E. R., Chen, D., Blumenthal, J. B., & Ryan, A. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Prior, Steven J.
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2015-06-11
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3386-3395
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- PMC
- PMC4587640
- OpenAlex
- W2147920255
- Semantic Scholar
- 8f1e5c01b44dc4526bbf5b18b3fc6fa198133465
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 24.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (K23-AG040775, P30-AG028747)
- American Federation for Aging Research
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30-DK072488)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- insulin sensitivity, aerobic exercise training, detraining, older adults, glucose uptake, glycogen synthase, GLUT4, AMPK, glucose transport, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, vastus lateralis
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Capillaries, Female, Glucose, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal
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