The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 13 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE—Type 2 diabetes and obesity have genetic and environmental determinants. We studied the effects of different environments on these diseases in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Adult Pima-Indian and non-Pima populations in the Sierra Madre mountains of Mexico were examined using oral glucose tolerance tests and assessments for obesity, physical activity, and other risk factors. Results were compared with those from Pima Indians in Arizona. Both Pima populations were typed for DNA polymorphisms to establish their genetic similarity. RESULTS—The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Mexican Pima Indians (6.9%) was less than one-fifth that in the U.S. Pima Indians (38%) and similar to that of non-Pima Mexicans (2.6%). The prevalence of obesity was similar in the Mexican Pima Indians (7% in men and 20% in women) and non-Pima Mexicans (9% in men and 27% in women) but was much lower than in the U.S. Pima Indians. Levels of physical activity were much higher in both Mexican groups than in the U.S. Pima Indians. The two Pima groups share considerable genetic similarity relative to other Native Americans. CONCLUSIONS—The much lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes and obesity in the Pima Indians in Mexico than in the U.S. indicates that even in populations genetically prone to these conditions, their development is determined mostly by environmental circumstances, thereby suggesting that type 2 diabetes is largely preventable. This study provides compelling evidence that changes in lifestyle associated with Westernization play a major role in the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Pima Indians in a traditional Mexican environment had much lower type 2 diabetes and obesity prevalence than genetically similar Pima Indians in the U.S., despite sharing a similar gene pool. The findings suggest that environmental/lifestyle factors associated with Westernization largely determine whether genetically susceptible populations develop type 2 diabetes.
Key findings
- Age- and sex-adjusted type 2 diabetes prevalence was 6.9% in Mexican Pima Indians, 38% in U.S. Pima Indians, and 2.6% in non-Pima Mexicans; the U.S. Pima prevalence was 5.5 times higher than Mexican Pima and 16 times higher than non-Pima Mexicans (P < 0.01).
- Obesity was similar in Mexican Pima Indians (7% men, 20% women) and non-Pima Mexicans (9% men, 27% women) but much higher in U.S. Pima Indians (63.8% men, 74.8% women).
- Physical activity was much higher in both Mexican groups than in U.S. Pima Indians: moderate-to-heavy activity was ~2.5-fold higher in Mexican men and 7-fold higher in Mexican women than in their U.S. Pima counterparts.
- The two Pima groups clustered together genetically relative to other Native Americans, with a bootstrap support value of 95% (947 of 1,000), indicating a very similar gene pool.
Methods
- Cross-sectional study of adult Pima and non-Pima Mexicans in the Sierra Madre mountains of Mexico, examined with oral glucose tolerance tests, anthropometry, physical activity questionnaires, and 24-h dietary recalls; results were compared with U.S. Pima Indians from the Gila River Indian Community in Arizona examined during June 1995–June 1996.
- Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance were defined by 1999 WHO criteria; obesity was defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m², with body fat estimated by bioelectrical impedance.
- Genetic similarity was assessed by typing 309 independent DNA markers in 52 unrelated full Pima Indians from Mexico and 52 full Pima Indians from the U.S.; prevalence rates were directly standardized for age and sex.
Limitations
- The paper states that cause and effect cannot be proven from this cross-sectional study, although it proposes that low diabetes prevalence in the Mexican populations is largely due to lesser obesity.
- The paper states that a difference between the Pima populations in frequencies of unidentified diabetes susceptibility genes due to genetic drift or founder effects cannot be excluded.
- The paper notes that dietary intake was not evaluated in the U.S. Pima sample used for comparison; an earlier U.S. Pima dietary study was cited instead. Evident from the text: participation was 77% of eligible Mexican Pima Indians and 71% of non-Pima Mexicans, and the diabetes difference between Mexican Pima and non-Pima Mexicans was not statistically significant.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The age-and sex-adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Mexican Pima Indians (6.9%) was less than one-fifth that in the U.S. Pima Indians (38%) and similar to that of non-Pima Mexicans (2.6%).”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The age-and sex-adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Mexican Pima Indians (6.9%) was less than one-fifth that in the U.S. Pima Indians (38%) and similar to that of non-Pima Mexicans (2.6%).”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The age-and sex-adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Mexican Pima Indians (6.9%) was less than one-fifth that in the U.S. Pima Indians (38%) and similar to that of non-Pima Mexicans (2.6%).”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The U.S. Pima-Indian sample used for comparison is typical of the larger Pima population examined in the ongoing longitudinal study.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two Pima groups share considerable genetic similarity relative to other Native Americans.”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Levels of physical activity were much higher in both Mexican groups than in the U.S. Pima Indians.”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The U.S. Pima-Indian sample used for comparison is typical of the larger Pima population examined in the ongoing longitudinal study.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The age-and sex-adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Mexican Pima Indians (6.9%) was less than one-fifth that in the U.S. Pima Indians (38%) and similar to that of non-Pima Mexicans (2.6%).”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The U.S. Pima-Indian sample used for comparison is typical of the larger Pima population examined in the ongoing longitudinal study.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The age-and sex-adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Mexican Pima Indians (6.9%) was less than one-fifth that in the U.S. Pima Indians (38%) and similar to that of non-Pima Mexicans (2.6%).”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Total energy expenditure is higher in Mexican Pima Indians than in U.S. Pima Indians.”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Relationship between Mexican Pima and U.S. Pima Indians
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Esparza J, Fox C, Harper IT, Bennett PH, Schulz LO, Valencia ME, Ravussin E: Daily energy expenditure in Mexican and USA Pima Indians: low physical activity as a possible cause of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24:55–59, 2000 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study provides compelling evidence that changes in lifestyle associated with Westernization play a major role in the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes.”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The U.S. Pima-Indian sample used for comparison is typical of the larger Pima population examined in the ongoing longitudinal study.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The much lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes and obesity in the Pima Indians in Mexico than in the U.S. indicates that even in populations genetically prone to these conditions, their development is determined mostly by environmental circumstances, thereby suggesting that type 2 diabetes is largely preventable.”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The U.S. Pima-Indian sample used for comparison is typical of the larger Pima population examined in the ongoing longitudinal study.
- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional prevalence differences reflect lifetime risk of diabetes.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 9
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two Pima groups are not identical but cluster together and share common ancestry distinct from other Native Americans with a supporting bootstrap value of 95% (947 of 1,000).”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Relationship between Mexican Pima and U.S. Pima Indians
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BMI, waist and hip circumference, and percent body fat were similar in the Pima and non-Pima Mexican men and women, respectively, but markedly greater in the U.S. Pima group.”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Obesity
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The U.S. Pima-Indian sample used for comparison is typical of the larger Pima population examined in the ongoing longitudinal study.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence of obesity was similar in the Mexican Pima Indians (7% in men and 20% in women) and non-Pima Mexicans (9% in men and 27% in women) but was much lower than in the U.S. Pima Indians.”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The U.S. Pima-Indian sample used for comparison is typical of the larger Pima population examined in the ongoing longitudinal study.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The levels of moderate to heavy physical activity were ϳ2.5-fold higher in the Mexican men and 7-fold higher in the Mexican women than in their U.S. Pima-Indian counterparts.”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Physical activity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The U.S. Pima-Indian sample used for comparison is typical of the larger Pima population examined in the ongoing longitudinal study.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Obesity and physical inactivity are major behavioral risk factors for the disease (22,23), although other factors such as low birth weight, breast-feeding, and the intrauterine environment also play a role (24 -26).”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Relationship between Mexican Pima and U.S. Pima Indians
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Savage PJ, Bennett PH: Diabetes incidence in Pima Indians: contributions of obesity and parental diabetes. Am J Epidemiol 113:144–156, 1981 source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Kriska AM, Saremi A, Hanson RL, Bennett PH, Kobes S, Williams DE, Knowler WC: Physical activity, obesity, and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a high-risk population. Am J Epidemiol 158:669–675, 2003 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“All subjects were administered an activity questionnaire (13).”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > T
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Kriska AM, Knowler WC, LaPorte RE, Drash AL, Wing RR, Blair SN, Bennett PH, Kuller LH: Development of questionnaire to examine relationship of physical activity and diabetes in Pima Indians. Diabetes Care 13:401–411, 1990 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, a difference between these Pima populations in frequencies of as yet unidentified diabetes susceptibility genes resulting from genetic drift or founder effects cannot be excluded.”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Relationship between Mexican Pima and U.S. Pima Indians
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Percent body fat was estimated from bioelectrical impedance (BIA-103; RJL Systems) using an equation developed for the U.S. Pima Indians (12).”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > T
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Rising R, Swinburn B, Larson K, Ravussin E: Body composition in Pima Indians: validation of bioelectrical resistance. Am J Clin Nutr 53:594–598, 1991 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Complete glucose tolerance data were obtained for 77.2% of the eligible Mexican Pima Indians and for 71.5% of the non-Pima Mexicans.”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Prevalence of diabetes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Pima Indians in the U.S. reside mainly in the desert regions of Arizona and have the world's highest recorded prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes (5,6).”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > T
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Bennett PH, Burch TA, Miller M: Diabetes mellitus in American (Pima) Indians. Lancet 2:125–128, 1971 source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Saad MF, Bennett PH: Diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians: incidence, risk factors and pathogenesis. Diabetes Metab Rev 6:1–27, 1990 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings indicate that, even in a genetically highly susceptible population, type 2 diabetes is not inevitable and is preventable in environments that promote low levels of obesity and high levels of physical activity.”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Relationship between Mexican Pima and U.S. Pima Indians
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The U.S. Pima-Indian sample used for comparison is typical of the larger Pima population examined in the ongoing longitudinal study.
- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional prevalence differences reflect lifetime risk of diabetes.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on these data, the U.S. Pima and the Mexican Pima Indians are closely related to each other and share a very similar gene pool.”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Relationship between Mexican Pima and U.S. Pima Indians
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Directly standardized age-and age-and sex-adjusted prevalence rates of diabetes were compared among the populations, using the combined Mexican Pima and non-Pima samples (within the age and sex groups shown in Table 1) as the reference population.”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > Statistical analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance were defined using 1999 World Health Organization criteria (11).”
§ Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S > T
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] World Health Organization Consultation-Group: Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Part 1. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Geneva, World Health Org., 1999, p. 59
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The U.S. Pima-Indian sample used for comparison is typical of the larger Pima population examined in the ongoing longitudinal study.
“The data in the U.S. Pima-Indian sample used for comparison are typical of those seen in the larger Pima population examined in the ongoing longitudinal study.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 24-h dietary recall accurately represents the usual diet of the Mexican populations.
“A 24-h dietary recall was conducted in the Mexican populations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The non-Pima Mexicans have no parental Amerindian heritage.
“The non-Pima Mexicans reported no parental Amerindian heritage.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Pima heritage classification accurately identifies full and part Pima individuals.
“Subjects were considered full Pima if they reported that both their parents were full Pima and part Pima if one parent was Pima.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cross-sectional prevalence differences reflect lifetime risk of diabetes.
“The much lower prevalence of diabetes in the Mexican Pima Indians aged Ն55 years (9%) compared with that in the U.S. Pima Indians (77%) suggests that the lifestyle of the Mexican Pima Indians may result in life-long protection from type 2 diabetes, even among the majority of those who are genetically susceptible.”
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“large disparities in both the prevalence of established risk factors and the rates of cardiovascular events in genetically similar populations both over time and across regions confirm that genetic effects are subordinate to lifestyle and environmental influences.50 -52,57-59”
From Beyond Established and Novel Risk Factors: Lifestyle Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease (2008) · cites this paper as [52]
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Malina, R. M., Reyes, M. E. P., Tan, S. K., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20622 · Cited by 36
“Estimates for children and adolescents in the rural Zapotec community in 2000 are lower than corresponding estimates for the south region of Mexico in the 1999 National Nutrition Survey (Hernandez et al., 2003; Rio Navarro et al., 2004); for urban school children, largely Mestizo, in Veracruz and Sonora (Peña Reyes e…”
InfluentialSfikas, G., Psallas, M., Koumaras, C., Imprialos, K. P., Perdikakis, E., Doumas, M. N., Γιουλεμέ, Ό., Karagiannis, A. I., & Athyros, V. G. (2020) · Current Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570161118666201015152921 · Cited by 33
Stoddard, P., Handley, M., Bustamante, A. V., & Schillinger, D. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.006 · Cited by 33
Madimenos, F. C., Gildner, T. E., Eick, G. N., Sugiyama, L. S., & Snodgrass, J. J. (2022) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23808 · Cited by 37
“…discriminatory practices, are often situated in resource-limited settings (such as those in low- and middle-income countries [LMICs]) (e.g., Gurven et al., 2021; Liebert et al., 2013; Schulz et al., 2006; Snodgrass, 2013; Valeggia et al., 2015; Valeggia & Snodgrass, 2015; Zienczuk et al., 2012).”
BackgroundTraditions and Diabetes Prevention: A Healthy Path for Native Americans
McLaughlin, S. (2010) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/diaspect.23.4.272 · Cited by 35
PROFILING OF CLINICAL DYNAMICS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN PATIENTS: A PERSPECTIVE REVIEW
Ikwuka, A. O., Omoju, D. I., & Mahanera, O. K. (2023) · World Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.37022/wjcmpr.v5i5.294 · Cited by 45
Gene × Environment Interactions in Obesity: The State of the Evidence
Ahmad, S., Varga, T. V., & Franks, P. W. (2013) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000351070 · Cited by 31
Williams, S., Dew-Budd, K., Davis, K. C., Anderson, J., Bishop, R., Freeman, K., Davis, D. G., Bray, K., Perkins, L., Hubickey, J., et al. (2015) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.115.023564 · Cited by 29
Oliveira, G. F., de Oliveira, T. R. R., Ikejiri, A. T., Galvão, T. F., Silva, M. T., & Pereira, M. G. (2015) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000441240 · Cited by 30
Key Considerations and Methods in the Study of Gene–Environment Interactions
Simon, P. H. G., Sylvestre, M., Tremblay, J., & Hamet, P. (2016) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpw021 · Cited by 32
Dietary habits contribute to define the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans
Adeva‐Andany, M. M., Rañal-Muíño, E., Vila-Altesor, M., Fernández‐Fernández, C., Funcasta-Calderón, R., & Castro-Quintela, E. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.08.002 · Cited by 36
The Advent of Lifestyle Medicine.
Yeh, B., & Kong, I. D. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 30
Jiménez-Corona, A., Nelson, R. G., Jiménez-Corona, M. E., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2019.100191 · Cited by 29
Diabetes and Kidney Disease in American Indians: Potential Role of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
Yracheta, J., Lanaspa, M. A., Le, M. T., Abdelmalak, M. F., Alfonso, J., Sánchez‐Lozada, L. G., & Johnson, R. J. (2015) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.03.018 · Cited by 33
“Nevertheless, the importance of environmental factors is evident by the 5-fold lower prevalence of diabetes and less frequent diabetic nephropathy in the Mexican Pima living in the State of Sonora than in the Pima living in the United States, which could be due to the Mexican Pima maintaining their native lifestyle ba…”
Fifteen years of change in the food environment in a rural Mexican community: the Maycoba project
Chaudhari, L. S., Begay, R. C., & Schulz, L. O. (2013) · Rural and Remote Health · doi:10.22605/rrh2404 · Cited by 28
Self-citationRace and nutrition in the New World: Colonial shadows in the age of epigenetics
Baedke, J., & Delgado, A. N. (2019) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.03.004 · Cited by 30
Differences in Insulin Resistance in Mexican and U.S. Pima Indians with Normal Glucose Tolerance
Esparza‐Romero, J., Valencia, M. E., Martínez, M. E., Ravussin, É., Schulz, L. O., & Bennett, P. H. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0297 · Cited by 29
Self-citationVašků, J. B., Bienert, P., Forejt, M., Tomandl, J., Brázdová, Z. D., & Vašků, A. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509991887 · Cited by 26
“(15) propose strong evidence for lifestyle-based, i.”
BackgroundInvestigating the link of ACAD10 deficiency to type 2 diabetes mellitus
Bloom, K., Mohsen, A.-W. A., Karunanidhi, A., Demellawy, D. E., Reyes‐Múgica, M., Wang, Y., Ghaloul‐Gonzalez, L., Otsubo, C., Tobita, K., Muzumdar, R. H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1007/s10545-017-0013-y · Cited by 28
“That said, the Native American Pima population are reported to have a 2- to 4-fold higher incidence of diabetes than the average American, and fivefold higher than the Pima population in Mexico (Pratley 1998; Bennett 1999; Valencia et al. 1999; Baier and Hanson 2004; Schulz et al. 2006).”
Sabir, A. A., Balarabe, S. A., Sani, A., Isezuo, S., Bello, K., Jimoh, A. O., & Iwuala, S. O. (2017) · Sahel Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/smj.smj_47_16 · Cited by 28
Lichtash, C. T., Fung, J., Ostoich, K. C., & Ramos, M. (2020) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2019-234223 · Cited by 30
Not Control but Conquest: Strategies for the Remission of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Kim, J., & Kwon, H. (2022) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2021.0377 · Cited by 31
Tuo, Y., Wang, D., Li, S., & Chen, C. (2010) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-010-9432-3 · Cited by 24
Müllner, E., Plasser, E., Brath, H., Waldschütz, W., Forster, E., Kundi, M., & Wagner, K. (2013) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12168 · Cited by 25
Pollard, T. M. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511841118 · Cited by 25
Diabetes Family History: A Metabolic Storm You Should Not Sit Out
Franks, P. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0768 · Cited by 26
“Ecological comparisons (2), cohort studies (3), clinical trials (4), and government guidelines (5) tell us that a healthy lifestyle should include regular, moderately intense physical activity.”
BackgroundConnecting the dots in the associations between diet, obesity, cancer, and microRNAs
Otsuka, K., Nishiyama, H., Kuriki, D., Kawada, N., & Ochiya, T. (2023) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.05.001 · Cited by 26
Risk of diabetes among related and unrelated family members
Aasbjerg, K., Nørgaard, C. H., Vestergaard, N., Søgaard, P., Køber, L., Weeke, P. E., Gislason, G., & Torp-Pedersen, C. T. (2019) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107997 · Cited by 24
Spiegel, A. M., & Hawkins, M. A. (2012) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.1054 · Cited by 24
Ethnic differences in prediabetes and diabetes in the Suriname Health Study
Krishnadath, I. S. K., van Venrooij, L. M. W., Jaddoe, V. W. V., & Toelsie, J. R. (2016) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2015-000186 · Cited by 24
Esparza‐Romero, J. (2021) · Revista M�dica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · doi:10.24875/rmimss.m20000036 · Cited by 22
Self-citationImpact of diabetes mellitus on myocardial lipid deposition: An autopsy study
Nakanishi, T., & Kato, S. (2014) · Pathology - Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.prp.2014.04.008 · Cited by 25
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Obesity among Panamanian Adults. 1982–2010
Sasson, M., Lee, M., Jan, C., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091689 · Cited by 22
Emergence of Evolutionary Medicine: Publication Trends from 1991–2010
Alcock, J. (2012) · Journal of Evolutionary Medicine · doi:10.4303/jem/235572 · Cited by 22
“…aging [23, 55], redefine the concept of disease [21,39], explain why some features of the modern environment have adverse consequences on health [47], track the emergence of new diseases [58], understand genetic polymorphisms in human illnesses [16], and develop models to understand and manage…”
Complex Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes and Effect Size: What have We Learned from Isolated Populations?
Nair, A. K., & Baier, L. J. (2015) · The Review of Diabetic Studies · doi:10.1900/rds.2015.12.299 · Cited by 21
“Although the precise reasons underlying the high prevalence and incidence of T2D is not known, genetic factors and higher rates of obesity due to life style changes are suspected as major culprits [9, 89].”
BackgroundTargeting energy expenditure via fuel switching and beyond
Geisler, J. G. (2010) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1932-4 · Cited by 23
“However, the Mexican Pima Indians are much leaner (∼30 kg lower body weight), chiefly due to greater physical activity (even in leisure time) and a low-fat diet including complex carbohydrates [62].”
BackgroundA Review on Diabetes Mellitus its Types, Pathophysiology, Epidermiology and its Global Burden
Patil, S. R., Chavan, A. B., Patel, A., Chavan, P. D., & Bhopale, J. V. (2023) · Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology · doi:10.55544/jrasb.2.4.9 · Cited by 25
Environments and Cardiometabolic Diseases in Aboriginal Populations
Daniel, M., Lekkas, P., & Cargo, M. (2010) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2010.01.005 · Cited by 21
Diabetes and Tryptophan Metabolism
Ünlütürk, U., & Erbas, T. A. (2015) · Molecular and integrative toxicology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15630-9_7 · Cited by 20
Relation Between Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Evolutionary Insights, Perspectives and Controversies
Gupta, M. K., Gouda, G., & Vadde, R. (2024) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-024-00572-1 · Cited by 24
Mosher, M. J., Lange, L. A., Howard, B. V., Lee, E. T., Best, L. G., Fabsitz, R. R., MacCluer, J. W., & North, K. E. (2008) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s12263-008-0075-4 · Cited by 18
“Variation in carbohydrate effects on lipid risk factors may indeed be influenced by the quality of the carbohydrate [59] or other population-specific factors [46, 69 ].”
BackgroundXu, S., Ming, J., Xing, Y., Gao, B., Yang, C., Ji, Q., & Chen, G. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-299 · Cited by 19
“, the effects of environment on prevalence of type 2 diabetes are also present [5].”
BackgroundExplainable and transparency machine learning approach to predict diabetes develop
Curia, F. (2023) · Health and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12553-023-00781-z · Cited by 18
Harjo, T. C., Pérez, A., López, V. A. Q., & Wong, N. D. (2010) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2010.0043 · Cited by 18
“16 More longitudinal studies that are culturally sensitive across the United States would further contribute to the present knowledge of DM and related causes.”
Granados‐Silvestre, M. D. L. Á., Ortiz‐López, M. G., Granados, J., Canizales‐Quinteros, S., Peñaloza‐Espinosa, R. I., Lechuga, C., Acuña-Alonzo, V., Sanchez-Pozos, K. A., & Menjívar, M. (2017) · Molecular Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1007/s00438-017-1340-2 · Cited by 18
“Several genetic studies, mainly in Caucasian and Asian populations, have provided evidence for the association of the variants in HNF4A with T2D (Ghosh et al. 1999; Silander et al. 2004; Winckler et al. 2005).”
BackgroundPhysical activity, cardio‐respiratory fitness, and metabolic traits in rural mexican tarahumara
Christensen, D. L., Alcalá-Sánchez, I. G., Leal‐Berumen, I., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22239 · Cited by 18
“However, very low prevalence of diabetes has been found as recently as the late 1990s among indigenous people in Mexico (Guerrero-Romero et al., 1997), which suggests that despite high genetic susceptibility the disease is driven by lifestyle changes (Schulz et al., 2006).”
BackgroundObesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A complex association
Al-Quwaidhi, A. J., Pearce, M. S., Critchley, J., & O’Flaherty, M. (2013) · Saudi Journal of Obesity · doi:10.4103/2347-2618.128627 · Cited by 16
Pinos, H., Carrillo, B., Díaz, F., Chowen, J. A., & Collado, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.009 · Cited by 18
“This may explain why high rates of undernutrition are associated with obesity in developing countries, such as Mexico or some Eastern countries (Chan et al., 2009; Schulz et al., 2006).”
BackgroundGenetic associations with micronutrient levels identified in immune and gastrointestinal networks
Morine, M. J., Monteiro, J. P., Wise, C., Teitel, C. H., Pence, L. M., Williams, A., Ning, B., McCabe‐Sellers, B., Champagne, C. M., Turner, J., et al. (2014) · Genes & Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s12263-014-0408-4 · Cited by 16
“For example, the incidences of obesity and related metabolic disorders among ancestral groups sharing the same environment differ (Ramos and Rotimi 2009; Bustamante et al. 2011) while Pima Indians have different incidences of obesity in Mexico versus the United States (Schulz et al. 2006).”
BackgroundJanssen, J. A. M. J. L. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26189191 · Cited by 18
“This suggests that in populations who share a common genetic background and possess a comparable genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes, type 2 diabetes is determined mostly by differences in lifestyle (including diet and physical (in)activity) [40].”
InfluentialRamírez‐Vélez, R., Correa‐Bautista, J. E., Ramos-Sepúlveda, J. A., Piñeros-Álvarez, C. A., Giraldo, L. I., Izquierdo, M., García‐Hermoso, A., Rodríguez‐Rodríguez, F., & Cristi‐Montero, C. (2017) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-017-0347-y · Cited by 15
“Previous research indicates that low fitness levels can linger on into adulthood in which low CRF is associated with increased mortality risk [33, 48, 49].”
BackgroundNutrigenetics: Bridging Two Worlds to Understand Type 2 Diabetes
Harrington, J. M., & Phillips, C. M. (2014) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-014-0477-1 · Cited by 15
Mathur, S. K., Jain, P., & Mathur, P. (2011) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2011/587495 · Cited by 15
Lifestyle Interventions and the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Weber, M. B., Twombly, J. G., Narayan, K. M. V., & Phillips, L. S. (2010) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827610375531 · Cited by 17
“Clinicians should advise patients at risk of developing T2DM and patients already diagnosed with T2DM to modify their lifestyle by providing them with culturally appropriate tools and social support while continuing to monitor glucose levels to chart patients’ progress and identify deteriorations in glucose tolerance…”
BackgroundInfluentialSmiley, D. D., & Umpierrez, G. E. (2007) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.8.9.1353 · Cited by 15
“Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects ∼ 21 million people in the US and the numbers continue to increase with certain populations, approaching a prevalence of 40% [1,2].”
BackgroundMessiah, S. E., Carrillo‐Iregui, A., Garibay-Nieto, G. N., Lopez‐Mitnik, G., Cossio, S., & Arheart, K. L. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2010.00337.x · Cited by 14
Serna-Gutiérrez, A., Castro-Juarez, A. A., Martínez, M. R., Alemán-Mateo, H., Díaz-Zavala, R. G., Quihui‐Cota, L., Álvarez-Hernández, G., Gallegos-Aguilar, A. C., & Esparza‐Romero, J. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12702-2 · Cited by 13
“Those who descended from Yaqui parents or grandparents were considered to be of Yaqui origin [32].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLi, A., Deyrup, A. T., Graves, J. L., & Ross, L. F. (2022) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000004666 · Cited by 15
Changing course of diabetic nephropathy in the Pima Indians
Nelson, R. G., Pavkov, M. E., Hanson, R. L., & Knowler, W. C. (2008) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2008.09.014 · Cited by 14
Obesity and body size perceptions in a Spanish Roma population
Poveda, A., Ibáñez-Zamacona, M. E., & Rebato, E. (2014) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.3109/03014460.2014.882411 · Cited by 14
“…to rank among the highest in representative study samples and are only comparable to those of Hawaiian Samoans and US Pima-Indians, two populations which are widely recognized for being genetically pre-disposed populations exposed to a nutritional transition (McGarvey, 1991; Schulz et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultHsueh, W., Bennett, P. H., Esparza‐Romero, J., Urquídez-Romero, R., Valencia, M. E., Ravussin, É., Williams, R. C., Knowler, W. C., Baier, L. J., Schulz, L. O., et al. (2018) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/ahg.12252 · Cited by 13
“The genetic distance between the populations is relatively small (Schulz et al., 2006; Tishkoff & Kidd, 2004), and, although the historical divergence time is uncertain, linguistic analysis suggests the populations diverged approximately 750 years ago (Hale, 1958).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPeng, G., PAKSTIS, A. J., Gandotra, N., Cowan, T. M., Zhao, H., Kídd, K. K., & Scharfe, C. (2022) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.10.002 · Cited by 13
Self-citationGiraldo, M. A., Chaudhari, L. S., & Schulz, L. O. (2012) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/1476-072x-11-27 · Cited by 13
Self-citationManagement of Childhood Obesity
Poskitt, E. M. E. (2008) · International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance · doi:10.1108/ijhcqa.2008.06221dae.001 · Cited by 13
Farzand, A., Rohin, M. A. K., Awan, S. J., Ahmad, A. M. R., Akram, H., Saleem, T., & Imran, M. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15111658 · Cited by 14
“The additive genetic impact, also known as heritability, and the genotype-environment interaction effect are the two genetic effects that are often considered [54,55].”
Crabtree, L. M., & Stephan, M. L. (2022) · Journal of Science Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/1046560x.2022.2031479 · Cited by 12
“For example, on Day 3, examining disparate rates of diabetes among indigenous groups in the U.S. compared with those of similar genetic ancestry in Mexico (Schulz et al., 2006) prompted teachers to consider the role epigenetic mechanisms may play in the current diabetes epidemic.”
BackgroundThe “metabolic syndrome” is less useful than random plasma glucose to screen for glucose intolerance
Elbassuoni, E., Ziemer, D. C., Kolm, P., Rhee, M. K., Vaccarino, V., Tsui, C. W., Kaufman, J. M., Osinski, G. E., Koch, D. D., Narayan, K. M. V., et al. (2008) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2008.04.005 · Cited by 12
Ely, J. J., Zavaskis, T., & Wilson, S. (2011) · Rural and Remote Health · doi:10.22605/rrh1758 · Cited by 13
Sapra, A., Bhandari, P., & Wilhite, A. (2021) · Cited by 12
Physical Activity Recognition Using a Wearable Accelerometer
Bonomi, A. G. (2010) · Philips Research · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3258-4_3 · Cited by 12
Afable, A., Mayeda, E. R., Pérez‐Stable, E. J., & Haan, M. N. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300969r · Cited by 12
Social aetiologies of type 2 diabetes
Carruth, L., & Mendenhall, E. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k1795 · Cited by 12
Global landscape of kidney health across Indigenous populations
Tungsanga, S., Okpechi, I. G., Bianchi, M. E., Chaturvedi, S., Collister, D., Crowshoe, H., Sosa, N., Galadanci, H., Hedin, E., Ibrahim, K. S., et al. (2025) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-025-01016-2 · Cited by 10
“Of note, unlike the Pima Indians in Arizona, who have had high rates of diabetes for decades 119,120 , Mexican Pima Indians historically had a low prevalence of diabetes 121 .”
Nienaber‐Rousseau, C. (2024) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae015 · Cited by 13
Adaptive Genetic Variation and Population Differences
Lai, C. (2012) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-398397-8.00018-6 · Cited by 10
Freese, J. (2013) · Journal of Evolution and Health An Ancestral Health Society Publication · doi:10.15310/2334-3591.1035 · Cited by 8
“Background The observation that the emergence of common Western diseases (WD) – from obesity to coronary heart disease to cancers [1-3] – takes place with much greater prevalence as societies migrate from natural-living cultures to those that increasingly assume the characteristics of wealthier, modernized societies,…”
BackgroundCan Precision Medicine Reduce the Burden of Diabetes?
Burke, W., Trinidad, S. B., & Schenck, D. P. (2019) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.29.s3.669 · Cited by 10
Afable, A., Mayeda, E. R., Pérez‐Stable, E. J., & Haan, M. N. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300969s · Cited by 11
Study Design of the Maycoba Project: Obesity and Diabetes in Mexican Pimas
Urquídez-Romero, R., Esparza‐Romero, J., Chaudhari, L. S., Begay, R. C., Giraldo, M. A., Ravussin, É., Knowler, W. C., Hanson, R. L., Bennett, P. H., Schulz, L. O., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.38.3.6 · Cited by 10
Self-citationTraditional Native American Foods: Stories from Northern Plains Elders
Colby, S., McDonald, L., & Adkison, G. (2012) · Journal of Ecological Anthropology · doi:10.5038/2162-4593.15.1.5 · Cited by 10
KOLIKO JE TJELOVJEŽBA UČINKOVITA U POTICANJU GUBITKA MASNOG TKIVA
Borer, K. T. (2008) · University of Zagreb University Computing Centre (SRCE) · Cited by 13
Takasu, N., Yogi, H., Takara, M., et al. (2007) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.46.0387 · Cited by 10
“Schulz LO, Bennett PH, Ravussin E, et al. Effects of traditional and western environments on prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S. Diabetes Care 29: 1866- 1871, 2006.”
BackgroundInfluentialNoninvasive Screening for Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes in Young, Rural, Caucasian Children
Peterson, S., Sheffer, S., Roth, S. L., Bennett, P. A., & Lloyd, L. (2010) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/1059840510366021 · Cited by 10
“…of risk factors in children from ethnic minorities have reported prevalence rates of risk factors for T2DM (Rodriguez-Moran & Guerrero-Romero, 2006; Schulz et al., 2006; The HEALTHY Study Group, 2009; The STOPP-T2D Prevention Study Group, 2006; Trevino et al., 2008; Urrutia-Rojas & Menchaca,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationDescriptive Epidemiology of Obesity in the United States
Wang, Y., & Kumanyika, S. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-47860-9_3 · Cited by 10
“residence), and by comparing populations of similar ancestry living in different environments (Luke et al, 2001; Schulz et al, 2006 ).”
BackgroundHow Education Shapes Indigenous Health Inequalities in the USA and Mexico
León‐Pérez, G., & Bakhtiari, E. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-01922-4 · Cited by 9
“…Indigenous peoples in Mexico experience smaller health disparities than AIANs in the US is consistent with research that found that the health of Mexican Indigenous peoples from the Pima tribe is significantly better than that of US Pima and similar to the health of non-Indigenous Mexicans [73].”
InfluentialVaiyapuri, T., Alharbi, G., Dharmarajlu, S. M., et al. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3455751 · Cited by 9
Looker, H. C., Chang, D. C., Baier, L. J., Hanson, R. L., & Nelson, R. G. (2023) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2023.104176 · Cited by 9
Begay, R. C., Chaudhari, L. S., Esparza‐Romero, J., Urquídez-Romero, R., & Schulz, L. O. (2011) · The International Journal of Health Wellness and Society · doi:10.18848/2156-8960/cgp/v01i03/41178 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Schulz, L. O., Bennett, P. H., Ravussin, E., Kidd, J. R., Kidd, K. K., Esparza, J., & Valencia, M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Yale University (US)
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Hermosillo, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (MX)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2006-08-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1866-1871
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2098164111
- Semantic Scholar
- f27562df093bb1339566f61b0f3a457411b4880f
- Cited by
- 420
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 41.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 57672, P01GM057672)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (76-DK-0256, DK-49957)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Indigenous Health and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, Pima Indians, diabetes prevalence, obesity, physical activity, Westernization, lifestyle modification, genetic susceptibility, Sierra Madre, diabetes prevention, Native Americans, DNA polymorphism
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Culture, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Female, Humans, Indians, North American, Male, Mexico, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Obesity, Sex Characteristics, United States, Age Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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