Correlates of Insulin Injection Omission

Peyrot, Mark; Rubin, Richard R.; Kruger, Davida F.; Travis, Luther B.

doi:10.2337/dc09-1348

Cited by 407Diabetes Management and EducationDiabetes Management and ResearchMedication Adherence and Compliance

Correlates of Insulin Injection Omission

Open access

Peyrot, Mark, Rubin, Richard R., Kruger, Davida F., Travis, Luther B.·2010·Diabetes Care

DOI 10.2337/dc09-1348PMC PMC2809256

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess factors associated with patient frequency of intentionally skipping insulin injections. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were obtained through an Internet survey of 502 U.S. adults self-identified as taking insulin by injection to treat type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Multiple regression analysis assessed independent associations of various demographic, disease, and injection-specific factors with insulin omission. RESULTS: Intentional insulin omission was reported by more than half of respondents; regular omission was reported by 20%. Significant independent risk factors for insulin omission were younger age, lower income and higher education, type 2 diabetes, not following a healthy diet, taking more daily injections, interference of injections with daily activities, and injection pain and embarrassment. Risk factors differed between type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients, with diet nonadherence more prominent in type 1 diabetes and age, education, income, pain, and embarrassment more prominent in type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas most patients did not report regular intentional omission of insulin injections, a substantial number did. Our findings suggest that it is important to identify patients who intentionally omit insulin and be aware of the potential risk factors identified here. For patients who report injection-related problems (interference with daily activities, injection pain, and embarrassment), providers should consider recommending strategies and tools for addressing these problems to increase adherence to prescribed insulin regimens. This could improve clinical outcomes.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2337/dc09-1348

Cites

24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

This was the first study to investigate the effects of missed basal insulin injections using accurate injection data from a smart insulin pen.
“The present study was the first to investigate the effects of missed basal insulin injections using accurate injection data from a smart insulin pen; previous studies using data from smart insulin pens have primarily focused on missed bolus insulin doses.4,8”
From Smart Pen Exposes Missed Basal Insulin Injections and Reveals the Impact on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
The citation supports the sentence’s characterization of previous studies as using smart-pen data and focusing on missed bolus doses, not its claim about the citing authors’ present study. This paper instead used an Internet survey of self-reported injection omission (Research Design and Methods) and explicitly says it had no objective measure of insulin use (Conclusions, Study strengths and limitations). It therefore cannot serve as an example of a prior study using smart-pen injection data. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Previous studies using data from smart insulin pens have primarily focused on missed bolus insulin doses.
“The present study was the first to investigate the effects of missed basal insulin injections using accurate injection data from a smart insulin pen; previous studies using data from smart insulin pens have primarily focused on missed bolus insulin doses.4,8”
From Smart Pen Exposes Missed Basal Insulin Injections and Reveals the Impact on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
The Research Design and Methods section describes an Internet survey, and Study strengths and limitations says the study had no objective measure of insulin use. Searches for smart insulin pens, missed bolus doses, and basal injections found no passage addressing what earlier smart-pen studies primarily examined. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Medical Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Algorithm for the Initiation and Adjustment of Therapy
Nathan, D. M., Buse, J. B., Davidson, M. B., Ferrannini, E., Holman, R. R., Sherwin, R., & Zinman, B. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-9025 · Cited by 3,834 · see citing works
Relationship of Depression and Diabetes Self-Care, Medication Adherence, and Preventive Care
Lin, E. H. B., Katon, W., Von Korff, M., Rutter, C., Simon, G. E., Oliver, M., Ciechanowski, P., Ludman, E. J., Bush, T., & Young, B. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.9.2154 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
Depression and Diabetes Treatment Nonadherence: A Meta-Analysis
Gonzalez, J. S., Peyrot, M., McCarl, L. A., Collins, E. M., Serpa, L., Mimiaga, M. J., & Safren, S. A. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-1341 · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
Self-citation
Depression, Self-Care, and Medication Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes
Gonzalez, J. S., Safren, S. A., Cagliero, E., Wexler, D. J., Delahanty, L., Wittenberg, E., Blais, M. A., Meigs, J. B., & Grant, R. W. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-0158 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Adherence to insulin treatment, glycaemic control, and ketoacidosis in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Morris, A. D., Boyle, D. I., McMahon, A. D., Greene, S. A., MacDonald, T. M., & Newton, R. W. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)06234-x · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Impact of Dosage Frequency on Patient Compliance
Paes, A. H. P., Bakker, A., & Soe-Agnie, C. J. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.10.1512 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Adherence to pharmacologic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Rubin, R. R. (2005) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.04.012 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Self-citation
Medication adherence and the associated health-economic impact among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus converting to insulin pen therapy: An analysis of third-party managed care claims data
Lee, W. C., Balu, S., Cobden, D., Joshi, A. V., & Pashos, C. L. (2006) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.10.004 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Behavioral and Psychosocial Interventions in Diabetes
Peyrot, M., & Rubin, R. R. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-1222 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citation
The resources that matter: fundamental social causes of health disparities and the challenge of intelligence.
Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., Miech, R., & Westin, E. L. (2008) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650804900106 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Persistence of depressive symptoms in diabetic adults.
Peyrot, M. F., & Rubin, R. R. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.3.448 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citation
Barriers to Insulin Injection Therapy
Rubin, R. R., Peyrot, M. F., Kruger, D. F., & Travis, L. B. (2009) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721709345773 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citation
Development and validation of the insulin treatment appraisal scale (ITAS) in patients with type 2 diabetes
Snoek, F. J., Skovlund, S. E., & Pouwer, F. (2007) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-5-69 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Prediction of the Onset of Disturbed Eating Behavior in Adolescent Girls With Type 1 Diabetes
Olmsted, M. P., Colton, P., Daneman, D., Rydall, A. C., & Rodin, G. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-0333 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The Influence of Insulin Use on Glycemic Control
Cramer, J. A., & Pugh, M. J. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.1.78 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Development and validation of the insulin treatment satisfaction questionnaire
Anderson, R. T., Skovlund, S. E., Marrero, D. G., Levine, D. W., Meadows, K., Brod, M. I., & Balkrishnan, R. (2004) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(04)90059-8 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Insulin-treated diabetes patients with fear of self-injecting or fear of self-testing
Mollema, E. D., Snoek, F. J., Adèr, H. J., Heine, R. J., & van der Ploeg, H. M. (2001) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00229-x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Validity and Reliability of an Instrument for Assessing Health-Related Quality of Life and Treatment Preferences
Peyrot, M. F., & Rubin, R. R. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.1.53 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citation
Diabetes Fear of Injecting and Self-Testing Questionnaire: a psychometric evaluation.
Mollema, E. D., Snoek, F. J., Pouwer, F., Heine, R. J., & van der Ploeg, H. M. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.6.765 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Strategies for improving glycemic control: effective use of glucose monitoring
Davidson, J. A. (2005) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.054 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Depression Symptoms and Antidepressant Medicine Use in Diabetes Prevention Program Participants
The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.4.830 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Epidemiology and correlates of weight worry in the multinational Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs study
Peyrot, M. F., Skovlund, S. E., & Landgraf, R. (2009) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007990903073654 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prescription drug co-payments and cost-related medication underuse
Wagner, T. H., Heisler, M., & Piette, J. D. (2008) · Health Economics Policy and Law · doi:10.1017/s1744133107004380 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Studying the Hurdles of Insulin Prescription (SHIP©): development, scoring and initial validation of a new self-administered questionnaire
Martinez, L., Consoli, S. M., Monnier, L., Simon, D., Wong, O., Yomtov, B., Gueron, B., Benmedjahed, K., Guillemin, I., & Arnould, B. (2007) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-5-53 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Insulin adherence behaviours and barriers in the multinational global attitudes of patients and physicians in insulin therapy study
Peyrot, M., Barnett, A. H., Meneghini, L. F., & Schumm‐Draeger, P. ‐. (2012) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03605.x · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Self-citation
Ionic liquids for oral insulin delivery
Banerjee, A., Ibsen, K. N., Brown, T. D., Chen, R., Agatemor, C., & Mitragotri, S. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1722338115 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Anionic nanoparticles enable the oral delivery of proteins by enhancing intestinal permeability
Lamson, N. G., Berger, A. M., Fein, K. C., & Whitehead, K. A. (2019) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-019-0465-5 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Real‐world factors affecting adherence to insulin therapy in patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review
Davies, M. J., Gagliardino, J. J., Gray, L. J., Khunti, K., Mohan, V., & Hughes, R. (2013) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12128 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Micro and nanoscale technologies in oral drug delivery
Ahadian, S., Finbloom, J. A., Mofidfar, M., Di̇ltemi̇z, S. E., Nasrollahi, F., Davoodi, E., Hosseini, V., Mylonaki, I., Sangabathuni, S., Montazerian, H., et al. (2020) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.012 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
The Impact of Treatment Noncompliance on Mortality in People With Type 2 Diabetes
Currie, C. J., Peyrot, M. F., Morgan, C. L., Poole, C., Jenkins‐Jones, S., Rubin, R. R., Burton, C. M., & Evans, M. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1277 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citation
Molecular mechanisms beyond glucose transport in diabetes-related male infertility
Alves, M. G., Martins, A. D., Rato, L., Moreira, P. I., Socorro, S., & Oliveira, P. F. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.01.011 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Identification of barriers to insulin therapy and approaches to overcoming them
Russell‐Jones, D., Pouwer, F., & Khunti, K. (2018) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13132 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
The Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Degludec Given in Variable Once-Daily Dosing Intervals Compared With Insulin Glargine and Insulin Degludec Dosed at the Same Time Daily
Meneghini, L., Atkin, S. L., Gough, S. C. L., Raz, I., Blonde, L., Shestakova, M., Bain, S., Johansen, T., Begtrup, K., Birkeland, K. I., et al. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-1668 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Degludec in a Flexible Dosing Regimen vs Insulin Glargine in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes (BEGIN: Flex T1): A 26-Week Randomized, Treat-to-Target Trial With a 26-Week Extension
Mathieu, C., Hollander, P., Miranda-Palma, B., Cooper, J., Franek, E., Russell-Jones, D., Larsen, J., Tamer, S. C., Bain, S. C., & on behalf of the NN1250-3770 (BEGIN: Flex T1) Trial Investigators (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3249 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Glucose-Responsive Nanoparticles for Rapid and Extended Self-Regulated Insulin Delivery
Volpatti, L. R., Matranga, M. A., Cortinas, A. B., Delcassian, D., Daniel, K. B., Langer, R., & Anderson, D. G. (2019) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b06395 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Oral delivery of insulin for treatment of diabetes: status quo, challenges and opportunities
Wong, C. Y. J., Martinez, J., & Dass, C. R. (2016) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/jphp.12607 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Disturbed Eating Behavior and Omission of Insulin in Adolescents Receiving Intensified Insulin Treatment
Wisting, L., Frøisland, D. H., Skrivarhaug, T., Dahl‐Jørgensen, K., & Rø, Ø. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-0431 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Breaking down patient and physician barriers to optimize glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.
Ross, S. (2013) · American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.06.012 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Randomized Crossover Comparison of Personalized MPC and PID Control Algorithms for the Artificial Pancreas
Pinsker, J. E., Lee, J. B., Dassau, E., Seborg, D. E., Bradley, P. K., Gondhalekar, R., Bevier, W. C., Huyett, L. M., Zisser, H., & Doyle, F. J. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-2344 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Barriers to effective insulin treatment: the persistence of poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes
Ross, S. A., Tildesley, H. D., & Ashkenas, J. (2011) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2011.621416 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Designing the new generation of intelligent biocompatible carriers for protein and peptide delivery
Wagner, A. M., Gran, M. P., & Peppas, N. A. (2018) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2018.01.013 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Factors associated with injection omission/non‐adherence in the Global Attitudes of Patients and Physicians in Insulin Therapy study
Peyrot, M. F., Barnett, A. H., Meneghini, L., & Schumm‐Draeger, P. ‐. (2012) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01636.x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prandial Options to Advance Basal Insulin Glargine Therapy: Testing Lixisenatide Plus Basal Insulin Versus Insulin Glulisine Either as Basal-Plus or Basal-Bolus in Type 2 Diabetes: The GetGoal Duo-2 Trial
Rosenstock, J., Guerci, B., Hanefeld, M., Gentile, S., Aronson, R., Tinahones, F. J., Roy-Duval, C., Souhami, E., Wardęcki, M., Ye, J., et al. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-0014 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
A Pharmacological and Clinical Overview of Oral Semaglutide for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Andersen, A., Knop, F. K., & Vilsbøll, T. (2021) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-021-01499-w · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Depression, distress and self-efficacy: The impact on diabetes self-care practices
Devarajooh, C., & Chinna, K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175096 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
pH-responsive and enzymatically-responsive hydrogel microparticles for the oral delivery of therapeutic proteins: Effects of protein size, crosslinking density, and hydrogel degradation on protein delivery
Koetting, M. C., Guido, J. F., Gupta, M., Zhang, A., & Peppas, N. A. (2015) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.11.023 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
How are adherent people more likely to think? A meta-analysis of health beliefs and diabetes self-care
Gherman, A., Schnur, J., Montgomery, G., Sassu, R., Veresiu, I., & David, D. (2011) · The Diabetes Educator · doi:10.1177/0145721711403012 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-reported Barriers to Adherence and Persistence to Treatment With Injectable Medications for Type 2 Diabetes
Spain, C. V., Wright, J. J., Hahn, R., Wivel, A. E., & Martin, A. A. (2016) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.05.009 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Inhaled Technosphere insulin compared with injected prandial insulin in type 1 diabetes: A randomized 24-week trial
Bode, B. W., McGill, J. B., Lorber, D. L., Gross, J. L., Chang, P.-C., Bregman, D. B., & for the Affinity 1 Study Group (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-0075 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Impact of injection speed and volume on perceived pain during subcutaneous injections into the abdomen and thigh: a single‐centre, randomized controlled trial
Heise, T., Nosek, L., Dellweg, S., Zijlstra, E., Præstmark, K. A., Kildegaard, J., Nielsen, G., & Sparre, T. (2014) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12304 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
A robotic pill for oral delivery of biotherapeutics: safety, tolerability, and performance in healthy subjects
Dhalla, A. K., AL-SHAMSIE, Z. T., Beraki, S., Dasari, A., Fung, L. C., Fusaro, L., Garapaty, A., Gutierrez, B., Gratta, D., Hashim, M. A., et al. (2021) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-021-00938-1 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Insulin adherence in patients with diabetes: risk factors for injection omission
Farsaei, S., Radfar, M., Heydari, Z., Abbasi, F., & Qorbani, M. (2014) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2014.03.001 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and treatment outcomes for individuals with HIV on antiretroviral treatment in the UK: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses
Burch, L., Smith, C. J., Anderson, J., Sherr, L., Rodger, A. J., O'Connell, R., Geretti, A. M., Gilson, R. J. C., Fisher, M., Elford, J., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(16)30002-0 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Regimen Complexity and Prescription Adherence in Dialysis Patients
Neri, L., Martini, A., Andreucci, V. E., Gallieni, M. A., Rey, L. A. R., Brancaccio, D., & and the MigliorDialisi Study Group (2011) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000328391 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The Role of Comfort and Discomfort in Insulin Therapy
Aronson, R. (2012) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2012.0038 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Depression, anxiety and self‐care behaviours of young adults with Type 2 diabetes: results from the International Diabetes Management and Impact for Long‐term Empowerment and Success ( MILES ) Study
Browne, J. L., Nefs, G., Pouwer, F., & Speight, J. (2014) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12566 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Identifying and meeting the challenges of insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes
SORLI, C. H., & HEILE, M. K. (2014) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s64084 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Barriers and solutions to diabetes management: An Indian perspective
Wangnoo, S., Maji, D., Das, A., Rao, P., Moses, A., Sethi, B. K., Unnikrishnan, A., Kalra, S., Balaji, V., Bantwal, G., et al. (2013) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.113749 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Health economics and compliance of vials/syringes versus pen devices: a review of the evidence
Asche, C. V., Shane-McWhorter, L., & Raparla, S. (2010) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2009.0180 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Encapsulation in chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complexes enhances antidiabetic activity of curcumin
Akolade, J. O., Oloyede, H. O., & Onyenekwe, P. (2017) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.023 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Why do some people with type 2 diabetes who are using insulin have poor glycaemic control? A qualitative study
Tong, W. T., Vethakkan, S. R., & Ng, C. J. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006407 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Adherence to insulin treatment in insulin-naïve type 2 diabetic patients initiated on different insulin regimens
Yavuz, D. G., Özcan, S., & Deyneli, O. (2015) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s87935 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
If it does not significantly change HbA<sub>1c</sub> levels why should we waste time on it? A plea for the prioritization of psychological well‐being in people with diabetes
Jones, A., Vallis, M., & Pouwer, F. (2015) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12620 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Insulin Adherence Measures in Patients with Diabetes
Stolpe, S., Kroes, M. A., Webb, N., & Wisniewski, T. (2016) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2016.22.11.1224 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Adherence patterns in patients with type 2 diabetes on basal insulin analogues: missed, mistimed and reduced doses
Brod, M., Rana, A., & Barnett, A. H. (2012) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2012.743458 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Lipodystrophy in Insulin-Treated Subjects and Other Injection-Site Skin Reactions: Are We Sure Everything is Clear?
On behalf of the AMD-OSDI Injection Technique Study Group, Gentile, S., Strollo, F., & Ceriello, A. (2016) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-016-0187-6 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Insulin Degludec/Insulin Aspart Administered Once Daily at Any Meal, With Insulin Aspart at Other Meals Versus a Standard Basal-Bolus Regimen in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Hirsch, I. B., Bode, B. W., Courrèges, J. P., Dykiel, P., Franek, E., Hermansen, K., King, A. B., Mersebach, H., & Davies, M. J. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-2503 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
pH-Responsive poly(itaconic acid-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) hydrogels with reduced ionic strength loading solutions offer improved oral delivery potential for high isoelectric point-exhibiting therapeutic proteins
Koetting, M. C., & Peppas, N. A. (2014) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.023 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Missed and Mistimed Insulin Doses in People with Diabetes: A Systematic Literature Review
Robinson, S., Newson, R. S., Liao, B., Kennedy-Martin, T., & Battelino, T. (2021) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2021.0164 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Films loaded with insulin-coated nanoparticles (ICNP) as potential platforms for peptide buccal delivery
Morales, J. O., Huang, S., Williams, R. O., & McConville, J. T. (2014) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.025 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Type 2 diabetes mellitus—current therapies and the emergence of surgical options
Lebovitz, H. E. (2011) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.10 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Incorrect Insulin Administration: A Problem That Warrants Attention
Trief, P. M., Cibula, D., Rodriguez, E., Akel, B., & Weinstock, R. S. (2016) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diaclin.34.1.25 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Patient preferences for diabetes management among people with type 2 diabetes in Denmark – a discrete choice experiment
Bøgelund, M., Vilsbøll, T., Faber, J., Henriksen, J. E., Gjesing, R. P., & Lammert, M. (2011) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2011.625404 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Eating Disorders in Adolescents with Type 2 and Type 1 Diabetes
Pinhas‐Hamiel, O., & Levy‐Shraga, Y. (2012) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0355-7 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Prevalence of intentional under- and overdosing of insulin in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Schober, E., Wagner, G., Berger, G., Gerber, D., Mengl, M., Sonnenstatter, S., Barrientos, I., Rami-Merhar, B. M., Karwautz, A. F. K., Fritsch, M., et al. (2011) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00759.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Determinants of adherence to diabetes treatment
Larkin, A. T., Hoffman, C., Stevens, A., Douglas, A., & Bloomgarden, Z. T. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12264 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Insulin initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: treatment guidelines, clinical evidence and patterns of use of basal vs premixed insulin analogues
Vaag, A. A., & Lund, S. S. (2011) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-11-0022 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The Development of Cladribine Tablets for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review
Rammohan, K. W., Coyle, P. K., Sylvester, E., Galazka, A. R., Dangond, F., Grosso, M., & Leist, T. P. (2020) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01422-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Safety and efficacy of once-weekly basal insulin Fc in people with type 2 diabetes previously treated with basal insulin: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2 study
Frías, J. P., Chien, J. Y., Zhang, Q., Chigutsa, E., Landschulz, W. H., Syring, K. E., Wullenweber, P. K., Haupt, A., & KAZDA, C. M. (2023) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00388-6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The association between quality of life, depressive symptoms and glycemic control in a group of type 2 diabetes patients
Papelbaum, M., Lemos, H. M., Duchesne, M., Kupfer, R., Moreira, R. O., & Coutinho, W. F. (2010) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2010.05.024 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Preclinical Characterization of LY3209590, a Novel Weekly Basal Insulin Fc-Fusion Protein
Moyers, J. S., Hansen, R. J., Day, J. W., Dickinson, C. D., Zhang, C., Ruan, X., Ding, L., Brown, R. M., Baker, H. E., & Beals, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.122.001105 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Insulin Therapy
Wilson, L. M., & Castle, J. R. (2020) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2020.0065 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Insulin Pump Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Safely Improved Glycemic Control Using a Simple Insulin Dosing Regimen
Edelman, S. V., Bode, B. W., Bailey, T. S., Kipnes, M. S., Brunelle, R. L., Chen, X., & Frías, J. P. (2010) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2010.0034 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A Network Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Evaluation of Safety of Subcutaneous Pegylated Interferon Beta-1a versus Other Injectable Therapies for the Treatment of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Tolley, K. H., Hutchinson, M., You, X., Wang, P., Sperling, B., Taneja, A., Siddiqui, M. K., & Kinter, E. T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127960 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Temporal Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life in Elderly People with Diabetes: Results of a German Cohort Study
Maatouk, I., Wild, B., Wesche, D., Herzog, W., Raum, E., Müller, H., Rothenbacher, D., Stegmaier, C., Schellberg, D., & Brenner, H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031088 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Barriers to achieving glycemic targets: who omits insulin and why?
Weinger, K., & Beverly, E. A. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-2132 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Jejunal wall delivery of insulin via an ingestible capsule in anesthetized swine—A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study
Hashim, M. A., Korupolu, R. V., Syed, B., Horlen, K., Beraki, S., Karamchedu, P., Dhalla, A. K., Ruffy, R., & Imran, M. (2019) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.522 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Disinhibited eating and weight-related insulin mismanagement among individuals with type 1 diabetes
Merwin, R. M., Moskovich, A. A., Dmitrieva, N., Pieper, C. F., Honeycutt, L. K., Zucker, N. L., Surwit, R. S., & Buhi, L. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.05.028 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Twice-daily insulin degludec/insulin aspart provides superior fasting plasma glucose control and a reduced rate of hypoglycaemia compared with biphasic insulin aspart 30 in insulin-naïve adults with type 2 diabetes
Franek, E., Haluzík, M., Canecki Varžić, S., Sargin, M., Macura, S., Zacho, J., & Christiansen, J. S. (2016) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12982 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Insulin Pump for Type 2 Diabetes
Reznik, Y., & Cohen, O. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dcs13-2027 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Safe and Effective Use of the Once Weekly Dulaglutide Single-Dose Pen in Injection-Naïve Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Matfin, G., Brunt, K. V., Zimmermann, A. G., Threlkeld, R. J., & Ignaut, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296815583059 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Association of insulin-manipulation and psychiatric disorders: a systematic epidemiological evaluation of adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Austria
Berger, G., Waldhoer, T., Barrientos, I., Kunkel, D., Rami-Merhar, B. M., Schober, E., Karwautz, A., & Wagner, G. (2019) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12784 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Precipitating factors of diabetic ketoacidosis at a public hospital in a middle-income country
Weinert, L. S., Scheffel, R. S., Severo, M. D., Cioffi, A. P., Teló, G. H., Boschi, A., & Schaan, B. D. (2011) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2011.11.006 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The cultural beliefs and practices of diabetes self-management in Javanese diabetic patients: An ethnographic study
Sari, Y., Yusuf, S., Haryanto, H., Kusumawardani, L. H., Sumeru, A., Sutrisna, E., & Saryono, S. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08873 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The clinical and translational prospects of microneedle devices, with a focus on insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus as a case study
Smith, F. N. C., Sabri, A. H. B., Heppel, M., Fonseca, I., Chowdhury, F., Cheung, K., Willmor, S., Rawson, F. J., & Marlow, M. (2022) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122234 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Psychological insulin resistance: a critical review of the literature
Gherman, A., Vereșiu, I. A., Sassu, R., Schnur, J. B., Scheckner, B., & Montgomery, G. V. (2011) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.1574 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Needle-Free Jet Injection of Rapid-Acting Insulin Improves Early Postprandial Glucose Control in Patients With Diabetes
Engwerda, E. E. C., Tack, C. J., & de Galan, B. E. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-0492 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Intensification of Insulin Therapy for Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Primary Care: Basal-Bolus Regimen Versus Premix Insulin Analogs
Mosenzon, O., & Raz, I. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dcs13-2007 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Treatment intensification with an insulin degludec ( IDeg )/insulin aspart ( IAsp ) co‐formulation twice daily compared with basal IDeg and prandial IAsp in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled phase III trial
Rodbard, H. W., Cariou, B., Pieber, T. R., Endahl, L. A., Zacho, J., & Cooper, J. G. (2015) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12609 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Inhaled Technosphere Insulin Compared With Injected Prandial Insulin in Type 1D iabetes: A Randomized 24-Week Trial
Einstein, A. (2015) · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Optimizing Fixed-Ratio Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes
Perreault, L., Rodbard, H. W., Valentine, V., & Johnson, E. L. (2019) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-018-0868-9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
A Review on Bioengineering Approaches to Insulin Delivery: A Pharmaceutical and Engineering Perspective
Taraghdari, Z. B., Imani, R., & Mohabatpour, F. (2019) · Macromolecular Bioscience · doi:10.1002/mabi.201800458 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Fear of Self-Injecting and Self-Testing and the Related Risk Factors in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study
Hayek, A. A., Robert, A. A., Babli, S., Almonea, K. I., & Dawish, M. A. A. (2016) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-016-0221-8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Recreational drug abuse in patients hospitalized for diabetic ketosis or diabetic ketoacidosis
Isidro, M. L., & Jorge, S. (2010) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-010-0243-z · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Review of Insulin Degludec/Insulin Aspart: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties and Their Implications in Clinical Use
Haahr, H. L., Fita, E. G., & Heise, T. (2016) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/s40262-016-0455-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Negative appraisals of insulin therapy are common among adults with Type 2 diabetes using insulin: Results from Diabetes MILES – Australia cross‐sectional survey
Holmes‐Truscott, E., Skinner, T. C., Pouwer, F., & Speight, J. (2015) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12729 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Adherence and persistence to a regimen of basal insulin in a pre-filled pen compared to vial/syringe in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes
Buysman, E. K., Conner, C., Aagren, M., Bouchard, J. R., & Liu, F. (2011) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2011.598500 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A E uropean, multicentre, retrospective, non‐interventional study ( EU‐TREAT ) of the effectiveness of insulin degludec after switching basal insulin in a population with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
Siegmund, T., Tentolouris, N., Knudsen, S. T., Lapolla, A., Prager, R., Phan, T., Wolden, M. L., Schultes, B., & for the EU‐TREAT study group (2017) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13149 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Clinical associations of an updated medication effect score for measuring diabetes treatment intensity
Alexopoulos, A., Yancy, W. S., Edelman, D. E., Coffman, C. J., Jeffreys, A. S., Maciejewski, M. L., Voils, C. I., Sagalla, N., Bradley, A. B., Dar, M. S., et al. (2019) · Chronic Illness · doi:10.1177/1742395319884096 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Randomized Trial of Continuous Subcutaneous Delivery of Exenatide by ITCA 650 Versus Twice-Daily Exenatide Injections in Metformin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes
Henry, R. R., Rosenstock, J., Logan, D. K., Alessi, T. R., Luskey, K. L., & Baron, M. A. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-2410 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Update on Insulin Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes
Donner, T. W., & Muñoz, M. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2202 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Metabolic Control and Illness Perceptions in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes
Wisting, L., Bang, L., Natvig, H., Skrivarhaug, T., Dahl‐Jørgensen, K., Lask, B. D., & Rø, Ø. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2016/3486094 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Comparison of thrice-daily premixed insulin (insulin lispro premix) with basal-bolus (insulin glargine once-daily plus thrice-daily prandial insulin lispro) therapy in east Asian patients with type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled with twice-daily premixed insulin: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial
Jia, W., Xiao, X., Ji, Q., Ahn, K. J., Chuang, L., Bao, Y., Pang, C., Chen, L., Gao, F., Tu, Y., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00041-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of once‐daily insulin degludec/insulin aspart compared with once‐daily insulin glargine in participants with Type 2 diabetes: a randomized, treat‐to‐target study
Kumar, S., Jang, H. C., Demirağ, N. G., Skjøth, T. V., Endahl, L. A., & Bode, B. W. (2016) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13125 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Insulin Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes in Mexico: Behaviors and Barriers
Cabrera, M. J. B., Almeda‐Valdés, P., Palacio, J., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., & Mehta, R. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2018/3190849 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart and the Need for New Mealtime Insulin Analogues in Adults With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Canadian Perspective
Senior, P. A., & HRAMIAK, I. M. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.01.004 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Biphasic vs basal bolus insulin regimen in Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Wang, C., Mamza, J., & IDRIS, I. R. (2015) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12694 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Determinants and consequences of insulin initiation for type 2 diabetes in France: analysis of the National Health and Wellness Survey
Reach, G., Pautremat, V. L., & Gupta, S. (2013) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s51299 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
In-vitroevaluation of enteric coated insulin tablets containing absorption enhancer and enzyme inhibitor
Wong, C. Y. J., Martinez, J., Carnagarin, R., & Dass, C. R. (2017) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/jphp.12694 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Diabetes technologies in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus and disordered eating: A systematic review on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, continuous glucose monitoring and automated insulin delivery
Priesterroth, L., Grammes, J., Clauter, M., & Kubiak, T. (2021) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14581 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Safety and efficacy of insulin degludec/insulin aspart with bolus mealtime insulin aspart compared with standard basal–bolus treatment in people with Type 1 diabetes: 1–year results from a randomized clinical trial ( BOOST ®T1)
Hirsch, I. B., Franek, E., Mersebach, H., Bardtrum, L., & Hermansen, K. (2016) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13068 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Newer insulin analogs: advances in basal insulin replacement
Zinman, B. (2013) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12068 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A comparison of health‐related quality of life (health utility) between insulin degludec and insulin glargine: a meta‐analysis of phase 3 trials
Freemantle, N., Evans, M., Christensen, T., Wolden, M. L., & Bjørner, J. B. (2013) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12086 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Treatment satisfaction in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with once‐weekly dulaglutide: data from the AWARD ‐1 and AWARD ‐3 clinical trials
Reaney, M. D., Yu, M., Lakshmanan, M. C., Pechtner, V., & Brunt, K. V. (2015) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12527 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Diabetes Association and the
Peyrot, M. F., Rubin, R. R., & Travis, L. B. (2013)
Self-citation
Factors associated with injection omission/non‐adherence in the Global Attitudes of Patients and Physicians in Insulin Therapy study
Peyrot, M. F., Barnett, A. H., Meneghini, L., & Schumm‐Draeger, P. ‐. (2012) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01636.x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citation
A study of adults with type 1 diabetes : investigating insulin omission
Ames, S. (2017) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
Frequency of Insulin Omission and It’s Associated Factors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Insulin Therapy
Islam, M. A., Dutta, M., Tabassum, M., & Ashrafuzzaman, S. (2024) · Bangladesh Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/bjem.bjem_27_24
Insulin adherence in patients with diabetes: risk factors for injection omission
Farsaei, S., Radfar, M., Heydari, Z., Abbasi, F., & Qorbani, M. (2014) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2014.03.001 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Authors: Peyrot, M., Rubin, R. R., Kruger, D. F., & Travis, L. B.
Affiliations: Johns Hopkins University (US)
Henry Ford Health (US)
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
Corresponding author: Peyrot, Mark
ORCID: Peyrot, Mark
Kruger, Davida F.
Venue: Diabetes Care
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 2010-02-01
Volume: 33
Issue: 2
Pages: 240-245
ISSN: 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
1935-5548
DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1348
PMC: PMC2809256
OpenAlex: W2103829708
Cited by: 407
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 22.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
Locations: Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
Keywords: insulin omission, insulin injection, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, insulin adherence, injection pain, socioeconomic factors, age, insulin regimens
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Behavior, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Angiopathies, Ethnicity, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Hypertension, Hypoglycemic Agents, Income, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Perception, Regression Analysis, Risk-Taking, Self Care, Racial Groups

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Correlates of Insulin Injection Omission

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks