Missed and Mistimed Insulin Doses in People with Diabetes: A Systematic Literature Review
Open accessAbstract
Background: Development of coordinated management approaches is important to facilitate self-care in people with diabetes (PwD). Gaining a better understanding of suboptimal insulin use is key in this endeavor. This review aimed, for the first time, to systematically identify and narratively summarize real-world evidence on the extent of suboptimal insulin use (missed and mistimed insulin) in PwD. Methods: A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews identified studies reporting on missed and mistimed insulin dosing. Results: From 3305 studies, 37 publications reporting on 30 unique studies that involved 58,617 PwD were included. Studies were conducted across 12 different countries and most employed cross-sectional surveys. Observations regarding missed and mistimed insulin doses were reported in 25 and 10 studies, respectively. PwD reported missing insulin doses, but rates varied due to differences in reporting methods, participant populations, and insulin regimens. The association between missed dosing and glycemic control was evaluated in ten studies in which the authors reported lower glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in PwD who did not omit insulin. The proportion of PwD reporting mistiming of insulin was in the range of 20–45%, depending on the study; this was associated with higher rates of hypoglycemia and higher HbA1c as reported by study authors. Reasons for suboptimal insulin use were multifactorial, occurring due to disrupted daily routines, social situations, and hypoglycemia avoidance. Conclusions: This review suggests that suboptimal insulin use is widespread and that PwD using insulin may still be struggling with disease management. There is an unmet need for better integrated support in managing the complexities of insulin therapy and for the development of systems (e.g. digital solutions) that empower people to take control of insulin-treated diabetes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Research from individuals using multiple daily injection therapy with continuous glucose monitoring and connected insulin pen or cap devices revealed that missed, mistimed, and mismatched insulin bolus doses are common and occur in both older and younger populations with T1D or T2D, and are associated with higher A1C.
“Research from individuals using MDI therapy with CGM and connected insulin pen or cap devices revealed that missed, mistimed, and mismatched insulin bolus doses are common and occur in both older and younger populations with T1D or T2D, and are associated with higher A1C.13–18”
From Shining the Spotlight on Multiple Daily Insulin Therapy: Real-World Evidence of the InPen Smart Insulin Pen (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
In a systematic review, 20%-45% of participants on insulin therapy reported mistiming of their insulin doses.
“In a systematic review, 20%–45% of participants on insulin therapy reported the mistiming of their insulin doses17 citing disrupted daily routines, social situations, and hypoglycemia avoidance as reasons.”
From Shining the Spotlight on Multiple Daily Insulin Therapy: Real-World Evidence of the InPen Smart Insulin Pen (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
Cites
Battelino, T., Danne, T., Bergenstal, R. M., Amiel, S. A., Beck, R., Biester, T., Bosi, E., Buckingham, B. A., Cefalu, W. T., Close, K. L., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci19-0028 · Cited by 4,032 · cited 1× · see citing works
“63,64 In the management of diabetes, it is important to move away from historical data review and response to an ever-changing clinical situation and move toward dynamic, (near) real-time behavioral changes.”
Self-citationState of Type 1 Diabetes Management and Outcomes from the T1D Exchange in 2016–2018
Foster, N. C., Beck, R. W., Miller, K. M., Clements, M. A., Rickels, M. R., DiMeglio, L. A., Maahs, D. M., Tamborlane, W. V., Bergenstal, R., Smith, E., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2018.0384 · Cited by 1,907 · see citing works
Davies, M. J., D’Alessio, D. A., Fradkin, J., Kernan, W. N., Mathieu, C., Mingrone, G., Rossing, P., Tsapas, A., Wexler, D. J., & Buse, J. B. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4729-5 · Cited by 1,455 · see citing works
6. Glycemic Targets: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021</i>
American Diabetes Association (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-s006 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Peyrot, M., Barnett, A. H., Meneghini, L. F., & Schumm‐Draeger, P. ‐. (2012) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03605.x · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Lu, J., Ma, X., Zhou, J., Zhang, L., Mo, Y., Ying, L., Lu, W., Zhu, W., Bao, Y., Vigersky, R. A., et al. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-1131 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
The relationships between time in range, hyperglycemia metrics, and HbA1c
Beck, R. W., Bergenstal, R. M., Cheng, P., Kollman, C., Carlson, A. L., Johnson, M. L., & Rodbard, D. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296818822496 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Understanding the sources of diabetes distress in adults with type 1 diabetes
Fisher, L., Polonsky, W. H., Hessler, D. M., Masharani, U., Blumer, I., Peters, A. L., Strycker, L. A., & Bowyer, V. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.01.012 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Correlates of Insulin Injection Omission
Peyrot, M., Rubin, R. R., Kruger, D. F., & Travis, L. B. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1348 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Davies, M. J., Gagliardino, J. J., Gray, L. J., Khunti, K., Mohan, V., & Hughes, R. (2013) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12128 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Resurgence in Diabetes-Related Complications
Gregg, E. W., HORA, I. A., & Benoit, S. R. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.3471 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Cascade of Diabetes Care in the United States, 2005-2016
Kazemian, P., Shebl, F. M., McCann, N., Walensky, R. P., & Wexler, D. J. (2019) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2396 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Achievement of Glycated Hemoglobin Goals in the US Remains Unchanged Through 2014
Carls, G., Huynh, J., Tuttle, E., Yee, J., & Edelman, S. V. (2017) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-017-0280-5 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Impact of lockdown in COVID 19 on glycemic control in patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Verma, A., Rajput, R., Verma, S., Balania, V., & Jangra, B. (2020) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.016 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Barriers to Insulin Injection Therapy
Rubin, R. R., Peyrot, M. F., Kruger, D. F., & Travis, L. B. (2009) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721709345773 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Hessler, D. M., Fisher, L., Polonsky, W. H., Masharani, U., Strycker, L. A., Peters, A. L., Blumer, I., & Bowyer, V. (2017) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13381 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Peyrot, M. F., Barnett, A. H., Meneghini, L., & Schumm‐Draeger, P. ‐. (2012) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01636.x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Olinder, A. L., Kernell, A., & Smide, B. (2009) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00462.x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Simmons, J. H., Chen, V., Miller, K. M., McGill, J. B., Bergenstal, R. M., Goland, R., Harlan, D. M., Largay, J. F., Massaro, E. M., & Beck, R. W. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-2643 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Hermanns, N., Ehrmann, D., Finke‐Groene, K., & Kulzer, B. (2020) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14256 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Campbell, M. S., Schatz, D., Chen, V., Wong, J. C., Steck, A. K., Tamborlane, W. V., Smith, J., Beck, R. W., Cengiz, E., Laffel, L. M., et al. (2013) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12067 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Beverly, E. A., Ganda, O. P., Ritholz, M. D., Lee, Y., Brooks, K. M., Lewis-Schroeder, N. F., Hirose, M., & Weinger, K. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-2422 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Using mobile phones to measure adolescent diabetes adherence.
Mulvaney, S. A., Rothman, R. L., Dietrich, M. S., Wallston, K. A., Grove, E., Elasy, T. A., & Johnson, K. B. (2011) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025543 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Perceptions of insulin use in type 2 diabetes in primary care: a thematic synthesis
Ellis, K., Mulnier, H. E., & Forbes, A. (2018) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-018-0753-2 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Depression in adults in the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry
Trief, P. M., Xing, D., Foster, N. C., Maahs, D. M., Kittelsrud, J. M., Olson, B. A., Young, L. A., Peters, A. L., Bergenstal, R. M., Miller, K. M., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1867 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Linetzky, B., Jiang, D., Funnell, M. M., Curtis, B. H., & Polonsky, W. H. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12443 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Yavuz, D. G., Özcan, S., & Deyneli, O. (2015) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s87935 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Brod, M., Rana, A., & Barnett, A. H. (2012) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2012.743458 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Giani, E., Snelgrove, R. K., Volkening, L. K., & Laffel, L. M. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296816676280 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Incorrect Insulin Administration: A Problem That Warrants Attention
Trief, P. M., Cibula, D., Rodriguez, E., Akel, B., & Weinstock, R. S. (2016) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diaclin.34.1.25 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Type 1 Diabetes Self-Management From Emerging Adulthood Through Older Adulthood
McCarthy, M. M., & Grey, M. J. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-2597 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Munshi, M. N., Slyne, C., Greenberg, J. M., Greaves, T., Lee, A., Carl, S., Atakov-Castillo, A., & Toschi, E. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-1631 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Reviewing U.S. connected diabetes care: the newest member of the team
Levine, B. J., Close, K. L., & Gabbay, R. A. (2020) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2019.0273 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Trends in Diabetes Management Among US Adults: 1999–2016
Fang, M. (2020) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05587-2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Pańkowska, E., Skórka, A., Szypowska, A., & Lipka, M. (2005) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2005.7.308 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Stuckey, H. L., Vallis, M., Burns, K. K., Mullan-Jensen, C. B., Reading, J. M., Kalra, S., Wens, J., Kokoszka, A., Skovlund, S. E., & Peyrot, M. F. (2015) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.06.010 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Polonsky, W. H., Capehorn, M., Belton, A. B., Down, S., Alzaid, A., Gamerman, V., Nagel, F., Lee, J., & Edelman, S. V. (2017) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.016 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Given, J. E., O'Kane, M., Bunting, B. P., & COATES, V. E. (2013) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12130 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Leiter, L. A., Boras, D., & Woo, V. C. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.08.270 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Missed Insulin Boluses for Snacks in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
VanderWel, B., Messer, L. H., Horton, L. A., McNair, B. K., Cobry, E. C., McFann, K., & Chase, H. P. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1840 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Chandran, A., Bonafede, M. K., Nigam, S., Saltiel-Berzin, R., Hirsch, L. J., & Lahue, B. J. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Initiating insulin: How to help people with type 2 diabetes start and continue insulin successfully
Polonsky, W. H., Arsenault, J., Fisher, L., Kushner, P. R., Miller, E. M., Pearson, T. L., Tracz, M., Harris, S. B., Hermanns, N., Scholz, B.-M., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12973 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Olinder, A. L., Nyhlin, K. T., & Smide, B. (2011) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05588.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Timing of Meal Insulin and Its Relation to Adherence to Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes
Datye, K. A., Boyle, C. T., Simmons, J. H., Moore, D. J., Jaser, S. S., SHEANON, N. M., Kittelsrud, J. M., Woerner, S. E., & Miller, K. M. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296817728525 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Accuracy of Self-Monitored Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes
Kazlauskaite, R., Soni, S., Evans, A. T., Graham, K., & Fisher, B. (2009) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2008.0111 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Peters, A. L., Name, M. A. V., Thorsted, B. L., Piltoft, J. S., & Tamborlane, W. V. (2017) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep171813.or · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mashitani, T., Hayashino, Y., Okamura, S., Kitatani, M., Furuya, M., Iburi, T., Kuwata, H., Tsujii, S., & Ishii, H. (2015) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-015-0725-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Psarou, A., Cooper, H., & Wilding, J. P. H. (2018) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-018-0490-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Schaper, N. C., Nikolajsen, A., Sandberg, A., Buchs, S., & Bøgelund, M. (2017) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-017-0317-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gerada, Y., Mengistu, Z., Demessie, A., Aregay, A. F., & Gebrekidan, K. G. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40200-017-0309-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Munro, N. M., & Barnett, A. H. (2014) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12388 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mukama, L. J., Moran, A., Nyindo, M., Philemon, R. N., & Msuya, L. J. (2012) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Olinder, A. L., Nyhlin, K. T., & Smide, B. (2010) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00688.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Tamborlane, W. V., Pfeiffer, K. M., Brod, M. I., Nikolajsen, A., Sandberg, A., Peters, A. L., & Name, M. A. V. (2016) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2016.1275937 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Harashima, S., Nishimura, A., & Inagaki, N. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2016.1260547 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Olamoyegun, M. A., Akinlade, A. T., & Ala, O. A. (2018) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v18i4.3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Insulin Administration and the Impacts of Forgetting a Dose
Brod, M. I., Pohlman, B., & Kongsø, J. H. (2013) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-013-0029-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Trend of High-Dose Insulin Usage Among Patients with Diabetes in the UK: A Retrospective Study
IDRIS, I. R., Peng, X., He, X., Liu, D., Balogh, E. G., Kaushik, P., & Brunt, K. V. (2018) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-018-0515-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Edelman, S. V., Belton, A. B., Down, S., Alzaid, A., Capehorn, M., Gamerman, V., Nagel, F., Lee, J., Emmerson, J., & Polonsky, W. H. (2019) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.020 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mulvaney, S. A., Vaala, S. E., Carroll, R., Williams, L. K., Lybarger, C. K., Schmidt, D. C., Dietrich, M. S., Laffel, L. M., & Hood, K. K. (2019) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocz147 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Smythe, K., Saw, M., Mak, M., & Wong, V. (2018) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12561 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Stephenson, J. J., Raval, A. D., Kern, D. M., & Bae, J. P. (2018) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13446 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Stressful Life Events in Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes in the U.S. T1D Exchange Clinic Registry
Joiner, K. L., Holland, M. L., & Grey, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12428 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Type 1 diabetes self‐management behaviors among emerging adults: Racial/ethnic differences
Butler, A. M., Weller, B. E., Rodgers, C. R. R., & Teasdale, A. E. (2020) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.13061 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ampudia‐Blasco, F. J., Galán, M., & Brod, M. I. (2014) · Endocrinología y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endonu.2014.03.008 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Jude, E. B., Nixon, M., O’Leary, C., Myland, M., Gooch, N., Shaunik, A., & Lew, E. (2019) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-019-0667-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nishimura, A., Harashima, S., Fukushige, H., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Hosoda, K., & Inagaki, N. (2017) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-017-0238-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Phan, T., Boutmy, E., & Coulombel, N. (2015) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2015.09.2053 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Annan, S. F., Higgins, L. A., Jelleryd, E., Hannon, T., Rose, S., Salis, S., Baptista, J., Chinchilla, P., & Marcovecchio, M. L. (2022) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.13429 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
MacLeod, J., Im, G. H., Smith, M., & Vigersky, R. A. (2024) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2023.0365 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Nkonge, K. M., Nkonge, D. K., & Nkonge, T. N. (2023) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-023-01468-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Blevins, T., Dahl, D. B., Manghi, F. P., Murthy, S., Carrasquillo, R. O., Li, X., Chang, A. M., Carr, M. C., & Katz, M. L. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01069-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The automated pancreas: A review of technologies and clinical practice
Biester, T., Tauschmann, M., Chobot, A. P., Kordonouri, O., Danne, T., Kapellen, T. M., & Dovč, K. (2021) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14576 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A Deep Learning Framework for Automatic Meal Detection and Estimation in Artificial Pancreas Systems
Daniels, J., Herrero, P., & Georgiou, P. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22020466 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
MacLeod, J., & Vigersky, R. A. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968221134546 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Laugesen, C., Ritschel, T., Ranjan, A. G., Hsu, L. J., Jørgensen, J. B., Svensson, J., Ekhlaspour, L., Buckingham, B. A., & Nørgaard, K. (2024) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2024.0022 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Annuzzi, G., Triggiani, R., Angelis, R. D., Rainone, C., Corrado, A., Scidà, G., Lupoli, R., & Bozzetto, L. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2024.108689 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Alsaidan, A. A., Alsaidan, O. A., Mallhi, T. H., Khan, Y. H., Alzarea, A. I., & Alanazi, A. S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12103474 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Probabilistic Approach to Blood Glucose Prediction in Type 1 Diabetes Under Meal Uncertainties
Langarica, S., Rodriguez-Fernández, M., Doyle, F. J., & Núñez, F. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3309302 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kerr, D. E., RAJPURA, J. R., & Namvar, T. (2024) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s436540 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Jafar, A., Pasqua, M., Olson, B., & Haidar, A. (2023) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102749 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Classification of Hypoglycemic Events in Type 1 Diabetes Using Machine Learning Algorithms
Cederblad, L., Eklund, G., Vedal, A., Hill, H., Caballero-Corbalán, J., Hellman, J., Abrahamsson, N., Johnsson, I. W., Carlsson, P., & Espes, D. (2023) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-023-01403-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Peralta, F. G., Valledor, X., Picado, A. L., Abreu, C., Fernández-Rubio, E., Cotovad, L., Pujante, P., García-Fernández, E., Azriel, S., Corcoy, R., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2023.0321 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Simonson, G. D., Criego, A. B., Battelino, T., Carlson, A. L., Choudhary, P., Franc, S., Gershenoff, D. C., Grunberger, G., Hirsch, I. B., Isaacs, D. M., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2024.0107 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationIbrahim, M., Beneyto, A., Contreras, I., & Vehı́, J. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108154 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
de Torres-Sánchez, A., Ampudia‐Blasco, F. J., Murillo, S., Bellido, V., Amor, A. J., & Mezquita‐Raya, P. (2025) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-025-01703-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Economic Evaluation of Once-Weekly Insulin Icodec from Italian NHS Perspective
Torre, E., Matteo, S. D., Bruno, G. M., Martinotti, C., Bottaro, L. C., & Colombo, G. L. (2024) · ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research · doi:10.2147/ceor.s475461 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mealtime prediction using wearable insulin pump data to support diabetes management
Lu, B., Cui, Y., Belsare, P. V., Stanger, C., Zhou, X., & Prioleau, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71630-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wolpert, H. A., Rodbard, D., Xue, J., Johnson, J. L., & Dassau, E. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16249 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
MiniMed 780G Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System Use During Days Without User-Initiated Boluses
Niu, F., Liu, M., Yovanovich, C., Vigersky, R. A., Shin, J. J., & MCVEAN, J. J. F. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-2124 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
AlBurno, H., Mercken, L. A. G., de Vries, H., Mohannadi, D. A., Jongen, S., & Schneider, F. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-022-01054-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ilyan, A., Abuhalima, D., Al‐Jabi, S. W., & Zyoud, S. H. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23566-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wilkinson, T., de Bock, M. I., Meier, R. A., Hurd, S., Sasson-Katchalski, R., Trahan, A. C., Rueda, J. R., Sherer, N. A., Stephens, M., Meyer, B., et al. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968251389966 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Levy, C. J., Kanapka, L. G., Brown, S. A., Marks, S., Spaic, T., Steenkamp, D., Lu, V. M., Zhao, P., Lum, J. W., Beck, R. W., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/15209156251395035 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tatulashvili, S., Dreves, B., Meyer, L., Cosson, E., & Joubert, M. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111592 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ilie, I. R. P., Vonica-Țincu, A. L., Dobrea, C. M., Butucă, A., Frum, A., Morgovan, C., Gligor, F. G., & Ghibu, S. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12102273 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Izquierdo, F. J. E., García, M. J. A., Vaquero, A. A. C., Gamero, J. A. L., Gómez-Turégano, P., Andrada, M. L., Pearson, A. C., & Figueredo, R. J. G. (2024) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.endien.2024.03.019 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
AlBurno, H., Schneider, F., de Vries, H., Mohannadi, D. A., Jongen, S., & Mercken, L. A. G. (2025) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr/194439 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liese, A. D., Julceus, E. F., Brown, A. D., Pihoker, C., Frongillo, E. A., Sauder, K. A., Malik, F. S., Bellatorre, A. C., Reboussin, B. A., & Mendoza, J. A. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2024.10.006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Connected Insulin Pens and Pen Caps: Expanding Diabetes Technology Access and Adoption
MacLeod, J. (2025) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/dsi25-0001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Teigen, I. A., Riaz, M., Åm, M. K., Christiansen, S. C., & Carlsen, S. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.986858 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Grassi, B. A., Onetto, M. T., Mora, G., Tapia, N., Passi‐Solar, Á., Jofré, P., Castro, M., Kurtz, N., Vigersky, R. A., & Cohen, O. (2025) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/15209156251395010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ponce-Ibarra, A., Hennies, N., Newson, R. S., Artime, E., Spaepen, E., & Kempe, H. (2025) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-025-01767-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolfsson, P., Guerci, B., Hartvig, N. V., Kaas, A., Knudsen, N., & Mader, J. K. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70051 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Beyond glycemic metrics: Real-world benefits of connected insulin pens in type 1 diabetes
Chico, A. I., Pazos-Couselo, M., Nattero‐Chávez, L., Simó‐Servat, O., Durán-Martinez, M., Ugarte, E., Aguilera, E., Andía, V., Moreno-Fernández, J., Granados, M., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112377 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Impact of Inhaled Insulin Therapy on Hypoglycemia
Levy, C. J., & Seaquist, E. R. (2026) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/15209156251381294 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bellido, V., Duque, N., Newson, R. S., Artime, E., Spaepen, E., Santos, M. R., Redondo‐Antón, J., Díaz‐Cerezo, S., & Navarro, J. (2024) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s439814 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationNewson, R. S., Artime, E., Bower, J. K., Spaepen, E., Liao, B., Bhattacharya, I., & Battelino, T. (2025) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s511332 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationChoudhary, P., Kao, K., Quadri, F., Balogh, E. G., & Foster, J. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70165 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kadiyala, N., Allen, J., Lakshman, R., Boughton, C. K., Wilinska, M. E., Thankamony, A., Hartnell, S., Thabit, H., Willemsen, R. H., Shah, P., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2025.113078 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Šantová, A., Plachý, L., Neuman, V., Amaratunga, S. A., Slavenko, M. G., Obermannová, B., Drnkova, L., Průhová, Š., & Šumnı́k, Z. (2026) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/15209156251415187 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Targeting postprandial glucose control using ultra-rapid insulins: is faster better?
Chow, E., & Chan, J. C. N. (2022) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2022.11.025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Davidson, M. B., Davidson, S. J., & Duran, P. A. (2023) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd23-0066 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Revolutionizing the management of diabetes: The promise of connected insulin pens and caps
Peralta, F. G., & Abreu, C. (2024) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endinu.2024.04.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Consecuencias de la inadecuada adherencia terapéutica en diabetes mellitus y propuestas de mejora
Cuenca, A. M. C., Villar‐Taibo, R., Bellido, V., & Pinés-Corrales, P. J. (2024) · Atención Primaria Práctica · doi:10.1016/j.appr.2024.100207 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Machine Learning Based Automated Blood Sugar Regulatory System
Suhas, K. K., Kalyani, G., & Surya, M. V. S. S. (2024) · International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Smart Systems (ICSCSS) · doi:10.1109/icscss60660.2024.10625421 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Benam, K. D., Khoshamadi, H., Åm, M. K., Christiansen, S. C., Bösch, P. C., Hjelme, D. R., Stavdahl, Ø., Carlsen, S. M., Gros, S., & Fougner, A. L. (2025) · Journal of Process Control · doi:10.1016/j.jprocont.2025.103499 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Building a Better Insulin — Whom Will It Help?
Reusch, J. E. B. (2023) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2307280 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
KOVIL, R. R. (2022) · Journal of Diabetology · doi:10.4103/jod.jod_27_22
Insulin: 100 years but not over the hill! A treatment with potential for renewal
Valenzano, M. (2022) · The Journal of AMD · doi:10.36171/jamd22.25.2
Quelle place de la diabétologie connectée pour les patients en multi-injections d'insuline ?
Guerci, B. (2023) · Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques · doi:10.1016/s1957-2557(23)00074-3
Izquierdo, F. J. E., García, M. J. A., Vaquero, A. A. C., Gamero, J. A. L., Gómez-Turégano, P., Andrada, M. L., Pearson, A. C., & Figueredo, R. J. G. (2024) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endinu.2024.03.002
Peralta, F. G., Valledor, X., Abreu, C., Fernández-Rubio, E., Cotovad, L., Pujante, P., Azriel, S., Pérez-González, J., Vallejo, A., Ruiz-Valdepeñas, L., et al. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12071600
Revolutionizing the management of diabetes: The promise of connected insulin pens and caps
Peralta, F. G., & Abreu, C. (2024) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.endien.2024.04.005
Dirnena-Fusini, I., Riaz, M., Christiansen, S. C., & Carlsen, S. M. (2025) · Current Therapeutic Research · doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2025.100803
Modestino, M. R., Verdoliva, R., Fortuna, U. D., Ferrentino, L., Iacono, O., Memoli, G., Nappi, F., Sala, D. L., Ciullo, I., Foglia, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2025-0115
Liu, Y., Chen, D., He, K., Wei, J., Liang, M., Li, H., Li, J., Li, X., & Wang, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1608458
Hart, O. E., Moog, E., & Wachtel, A. (2026) · Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management · doi:10.1515/jhsem-2025-0075
Das MiniMed 780G-Hybrid-Closed-Loop-System ohne Bolusabgabe
Pavlicek, V. (2026) · Die Diabetologie · doi:10.1007/s11428-026-01443-0
Dalton, M., Asante-Asamani, E. O., & Greene, J. M. (2026) · Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering · doi:10.3934/mbe.2026060
Insulin Costs and Use by Medicare Beneficiaries After the Inflation Reduction Act Out-of-Pocket Cap
Myerson, R. M., Kim, N. H., Romley, J., Qato, D. M., Cao, Y., Trish, E. E., Peters, A. L., & Goldman, D. P. (2026) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2026.5975
Diabetes Technology: Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Insulin Delivery
MacLeod, J., Willis, H. J., Sulik, B., & Chomko, M. (2026) · American Diabetes Association eBooks · doi:10.2337/9781580408493-ch08
Presti, D. L., Calabrisotto, S. S., Tomaselli, L. G., Pezzino, G., Frasca, F., Baratta, R., Sciacca, L., Latina, C., Spina, N. L., Galeano, F., et al. (2026) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-026-04705-5
Gomez-Peralta, F., Borrachero, J. M., Santos, E., Abreu, C., Valledor, X., Ruiz-Valdepeñas, L., & Corcoy, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1883791
Sanz-Pastor, A. G., Enríquez, A. J., Bao, A. S., Toboso, R. P. Q., Aguilera, B. G., Font, M. N., Ares, J., Pardo, I. M., Arribas, B. V., & Ampudia‐Blasco, F. J. (2026) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-026-01897-x
Early Consideration of Automated Insulin Delivery in Type 2 Diabetes: A Critical Review
Tariq, Z., Aleppo, G., Carlson, A. L., Kayne, D. M., Kruger, D. F., Kudva, Y. C., Miller, E. M., O’Brien, K., Oser, S. M., Weinstock, R. S., et al. (2026) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2026.08.005
THE ASSESSMENT OF PERCEPTION REGARDING TREATMENT ADHERENCE AMONG DIABETICS
HUSSAIN, M., ASLAM, L., KHALID, S., Saddique, H., ANWAR, G., & YASIN, I. (2026) · Pakistan Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.54112/pjicm.v6i01.257
Boateng-Kuffour, A., Li, N., Anupindi, V. R., Chandarana, K., Chen, L., Hull, M., Zhou, X., Gaglia, J. L., DeKoven, M., & Barber, B. (2026) · Journal of Medical Economics · doi:10.1080/13696998.2026.2729739
Glucagon enhances subcutaneous insulin absorption: Pilot experiments in pigs
Riaz, M., Dirnena-Fusini, I., Christiansen, S. C., & Carlsen, S. M. (2026) · Current Therapeutic Research · doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2026.100846
Six-month real-world glycemic improvement after Smart MDI system in type 1 diabetes
Rossi, G., Pastore, I., Montefusco, L. B., CANOVA, L. P., D’Addio, F., & Fiorina, P. (2026) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvag244
- Authors
- Robinson, S., Newson, R. S., Liao, B., Kennedy-Martin, T., & Battelino, T.
- Affiliations
- Kennedy Martin Health Outcomes (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Eli Lilly (Australia) (AU)
- Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
- Kennedy-Martin Health Outcomes Limited, Brighton, United Kingdom.
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- Venue
- Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-11-25
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 844-856
- ISSN
- 1520-9156 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-8593
- OpenAlex
- W3181946008
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Patient Safety and Medication Errors
- Keywords
- insulin-treated diabetes, glycemic control, HbA1c, hypoglycemia, self-care, digital health support
- MeSH terms
- Systematic Reviews as Topic, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Insulin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
