CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 165Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsElectrolyte and hormonal disordersNutritional Studies and Diet

Low Water Intake and Risk for New-Onset Hyperglycemia

Open access
Roussel, Ronan, Fezeu, Léopold, Bouby, Nadine, Balkau, Beverley, Lantieri, Olivier, Alhenc-Gelas, François, Marre, Michel, Bankir, Lise +1 more·2011·Diabetes Care
DOI 10.2337/dc11-0652PMC PMC3220834
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Water intake alters vasopressin secretion. Recent findings reveal an independent association between plasma copeptin, a surrogate for vasopressin, and risk of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Participants were 3,615 middle-aged men and women, with normal baseline fasting glycemia (FG), who were recruited in a 9-year follow-up study. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for the incidence of hyperglycemia (FG ≥6.1 mmol/L or treatment for diabetes) were calculated according to daily water intake classes based on a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: During follow-up, there were 565 incident cases of hyperglycemia. After adjustment for confounding factors, ORs (95% CIs) for hyperglycemia associated with classes of water intake (<0.5 L, n = 677; 0.5 to <1.0 L, n = 1,754; and >1.0 L, n = 1,184) were 1.00, 0.68 (0.52–0.89), and 0.79 (0.59–1.05), respectively (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported water intake was inversely and independently associated with the risk of developing hyperglycemia.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In a 9-year French cohort of 3,615 initially normoglycemic middle-aged adults, self-reported daily water intake was inversely associated with new-onset hyperglycemia. The association was independent of multiple metabolic risk factors and other beverage intake, though the study is observational and cannot establish causality.

Key findings

  • During follow-up, 565 participants developed hyperglycemia and 202 developed diabetes.
  • After adjustment for known diabetes risk factors and other beverages, ORs for incident hyperglycemia by daily water intake were 1.00 for <0.5 L (n = 677), 0.68 (95% CI 0.52–0.89) for 0.5 to <1.0 L (n = 1,754), and 0.79 (0.59–1.05) for >1.0 L (n = 1,184); P = 0.016.
  • With the two upper water-intake classes combined, the OR was 0.72 (0.56–0.92). The relation was not linear.
  • For new-onset diabetes, the same trend was nonsignificant: ORs were 0.68 (0.41–1.15) and 0.75 (0.43–1.32) for 0.5–1.0 L and >1.0 L versus <0.5 L, respectively; P = 0.36.

Methods

  • Prospective analysis within the D.E.S.I.R. study: 3,615 French men and women aged 30–65 years with baseline fasting glycemia <6.1 mmol/L, followed over 9 years with examinations at years 3, 6, and 9.
  • Daily water intake was assessed by self-administered questionnaire and grouped into three classes: <0.5 L, 0.5 to 1.0 L, and >1.0 L.
  • Logistic regression models estimated ORs and 95% CIs for incident hyperglycemia, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, baseline fasting glucose, physical activity, smoking, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, and further for intake of other beverages.

Limitations

  • Stated: diabetes incidence was low, limiting statistical power; 24-h urine volume was not measured, though urinary density was inversely associated with self-reported water intake; residual confounding cannot be excluded because healthier behaviors may correlate with higher water drinking; only volunteers were included, so results may not be extrapolated to the general population.
  • Evident from the text: the observational design does not establish causality, and water intake was self-reported via questionnaire rather than directly measured.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2337/dc11-0652

Cites

14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 35 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    With the two upper water intake classes combined, the odds ratio for new-onset hyperglycemia was 0.72 (95% CI 0.56-0.92).

    “With the two upper classes combined, the OR was 0.72 (0.56–0.92) (Supplementary Fig. 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The relation between water intake and risk of new-onset hyperglycemia was not linear.

    “The relation was not linear (data not shown).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    During follow-up, 565 incident cases of hyperglycemia occurred.

    “During follow-up, there were 565 incident cases of hyperglycemia.”
    • Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
      “Among them, during follow-up, 565 subjects became hyperglycemic and 202 developed diabetes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There was no interaction between water intake and several important characteristics, including self-reported alcohol or tobacco consumption, on the risk of new-onset hyperglycemia.

    “There was no interaction with several important characteristics, including those related to self-reported alcohol or tobacco consumption (Supplementary Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In Model 2, after further adjustment for intake of other beverages, the odds ratios for new-onset hyperglycemia were 0.68 (95% CI 0.52-0.89) for 0.5-1.0 L and 0.79 (0.59-1.05) for >1.0 L compared with <0.5 L, with P = 0.016.

    “After further adjustments for intake of other beverages, the ORs were slightly attenuated: 0.68 (0.52–0.89) and 0.79 (0.59–1.05) for classes of 0.5–1.0 L and >1.0 L, respectively (P = 0.016) (Table 1).”
    • Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
      “After adjustment for confounding factors, ORs (95% CIs) for hyperglycemia associated with classes of water intake (<0.5 L, n = 677; 0.5 to <1.0 L, n = 1,754; and >1.0 L, n = 1,184) were 1.00, 0.68 (0.52–0.89), and 0.79 (0.59–1.05), respectively (P = 0.016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
  • May combine two claims. 9

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    During follow-up, 202 subjects developed diabetes.

    “Among them, during follow-up, 565 subjects became hyperglycemic and 202 developed diabetes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Model 1, compared with daily water intake <0.5 L, the odds ratios for new-onset hyperglycemia were 0.64 (95% CI 0.49-0.83) for 0.5-1.0 L and 0.73 (0.55-0.97) for >1.0 L, with P = 0.003.

    “Compared with daily W-Intake of <0.5 L, ORs were 0.64 (95% CI 0.49–0.83) and 0.73 (0.55–0.97) for classes of 0.5–1.0 L and >1.0 L, respectively (P = 0.003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The negative association of water intake and risk for hyperglycemia was relevant among many subsets of participants, and those reporting low water intake (<0.5 L) had a higher risk for hyperglycemia, for example in the high physical activity group.

    “The negative association of W-Intake and risk for hyperglycemia was relevant among many subsets of participants, and those reporting a low W-Intake (<0.5 L) had a higher risk for hyperglycemia (for example, participants in the high physical activity group) (Supplementary Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For new-onset diabetes, the same trend was observed but was nonsignificant: compared with daily water intake <0.5 L, odds ratios were 0.68 (95% CI 0.41-1.15) for 0.5-1.0 L and 0.75 (0.43-1.32) for >1.0 L, with P = 0.36.

    “The same trend, although nonsignificant, was observed for the association with new-onset diabetes: compared with participants with a daily W-Intake <0.5 L, ORs for those drinking 0.5–1.0 L and >1.0 L water per day were 0.68 (95% CI 0.41–1.15) and 0.75 (0.43–1.32), respectively, P = 0.36.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The study extends the observation of an association between copeptin and diabetes, drawing attention to low water intake as a possible new risk factor for impaired glycemia.

    “Our study extends this observation, drawing attention to a low W-Intake as a possible new risk factor for impaired glycemia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    24-hour urine volume was not measured.

    “24-h urine volume was not measured”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Diabetes incidence was low and statistical power was thus limited.

    “Diabetes incidence was low and statistical power was thus limited”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Adjustment variables were either known risk factors for type 2 diabetes or factors associated (P < 0.10) with hyperglycemia and water intake in the study population.

    “Adjustment variables were either known risk factors for type 2 diabetes or factors associated (P < 0.10) with hyperglycemia and W-Intake in our population.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Water intake alters vasopressin secretion, and vasopressin and copeptin secretion depends on the level of hydration.

    “Water intake alters vasopressin secretion.”
    • Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · boosted
      “Vasopressin and copeptin secretion is known to depend on the level of hydration (10).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Meijer, 2010, Copeptin, a surrogate marker of vasopressin, is associated with microalbuminuria in a large population cohort, Kidney Int source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Residual confounding cannot be excluded; healthier behaviors correlating with higher water drinking could account for the observed association.

    “In addition, we cannot exclude residual confounding: healthier behaviors correlating with higher water drinking could account for the observed association.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Only volunteers were included and the results may not be extrapolated to the general population.

    “Finally, only volunteers were included and the results may not be extrapolated to the general population.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Participants provided written informed consent, and the protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Bicêtre Hospital, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.

    “Participants provided written informed consent, and the protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Bicêtre Hospital, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    This observational study does not establish causality.

    “This observational study does not establish causality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
13 of 13

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Baseline self-reported water intake reflects habitual water intake over the 9-year follow-up.

    “Mean daily intake of water, wine, beer or cider, and sweet beverages was categorized in the questionnaire into six mutually exclusive levels: none, <0.5, 0.5 to 1, 1 to 1.5, 1.5 to 2.0, and >2 L.”
    “The daily W-Intake was negatively associated with the risk of new-onset hyperglycemia, even after adjustment for multiple metabolic risk factors.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Urinary density is a valid marker of water intake or hydration.

    “24-h urine volume was not measured, but the urinary density was inversely associated with self-reported W-Intake, arguing for the validity of the questionnaire (Table 1).”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Roussel, R., Fezeu, L., Bouby, N., Balkau, B., Lantieri, O., Alhenc-Gelas, F., Marre, M., Bankir, L., & for the D.E.S.I.R. Study Group
Affiliations
  • Inserm (FR)
  • Institut Inter-Régional pour la Santé, La Riche, France
  • INSERM Unité 872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
Corresponding author
Roussel, Ronan
ORCID
Venue
Diabetes Care
Publisher
American Diabetes Association
Published
2011-11-14
Volume
34
Issue
12
Pages
2551-2554
ISSN
  • 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-5548
DOI
10.2337/dc11-0652
PMC
PMC3220834
OpenAlex
W2148254906
Semantic Scholar
03f98de4d5166198ac37a02e16b4738ccc5fc145
Cited by
165
References
14
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
FWCI
3.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Electrolyte and hormonal disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords
water intake, hyperglycemia, diabetes risk, copeptin, vasopressin, fasting blood glucose, middle-aged adults
MeSH terms
Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Drinking, Female, Follow-Up Studies, France, Glycopeptides, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, Cohort Studies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-06.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-06.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review