The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 15 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Metformin produced weight loss and delayed or prevented diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). We examined its long-term safety and tolerability along with weight loss, and change in waist circumference during the DPP and its long-term follow-up. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The randomized double-blind clinical trial of metformin or placebo followed by a 7–8-year open-label extension and analysis of adverse events, tolerability, and the effect of adherence on change in weight and waist circumference. RESULTS: No significant safety issues were identified. Gastrointestinal symptoms were more common in metformin than placebo participants and declined over time. During the DPP, average hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were slightly lower in the metformin group than in the placebo group. Decreases in hemoglobin and hematocrit in the metformin group occurred during the first year following randomization, with no further changes observed over time. During the DPP, metformin participants had reduced body weight and waist circumference compared with placebo (weight by 2.06 ± 5.65% vs. 0.02 ± 5.52%, P < 0.001, and waist circumference by 2.13 ± 7.06 cm vs. 0.79 ± 6.54 cm, P < 0.001 in metformin vs. placebo, respectively). The magnitude of weight loss during the 2-year double-blind period was directly related to adherence (P < 0.001). Throughout the unblinded follow-up, weight loss remained significantly greater in the metformin group than in the placebo group (2.0 vs. 0.2%, P < 0.001), and this was related to the degree of continuing metformin adherence (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Metformin used for diabetes prevention is safe and well tolerated. Weight loss is related to adherence to metformin and is durable for at least 10 years of treatment.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In the Diabetes Prevention Program and its Outcomes Study, metformin for diabetes prevention showed no significant safety issues, was well tolerated, and produced modest durable weight loss. Weight loss was directly related to metformin adherence and persisted over long-term follow-up.
Key findings
- During the DPP, metformin vs placebo reduced body weight (2.06 ± 5.65% vs. 0.02 ± 5.52%, P < 0.001) and waist circumference (2.13 ± 7.06 cm vs. 0.79 ± 6.54 cm, P < 0.001); at 2 years, weight loss was 2.1 ± 5.7% vs. 0.02 ± 5.5%.
- Gastrointestinal symptoms were more common with metformin than placebo (average 28% vs. 16%, P = 0.01; medication-related 9.5% vs. 1.1%, P < 0.001) and declined over time, with similar rates by years 6–9 (P > 0.10).
- Hemoglobin and hematocrit were slightly lower in the metformin group during the DPP (13.6 vs. 13.8 mg/dL; 40.6 vs. 41.1%; P < 0.001 for both), with changes occurring in the first year and no further changes; low hematocrit was higher with metformin (12.6% vs. 8.4%, P = 0.035), while low hemoglobin was not significantly different (11.2% vs. 7.6%, P = 0.17).
- Over total follow-up, weight loss remained greater with metformin than placebo (2.0% vs. 0.2%, P < 0.001) and was related to continuing metformin adherence (P < 0.001); highly adherent metformin participants lost 3.5% (3.1 kg). No lactic acidosis or hypoglycemia serious adverse events occurred during nearly 18,000 patient-years.
Methods
- Randomized double-blind trial: 3,234 participants enrolled in the DPP; 2,155 assigned to metformin (1,073) or placebo (1,082), followed by a 7–8-year open-label DPPOS extension. Participants were ≥25 years, had BMI ≥24 kg/m² (≥22 kg/m² in Asian Americans), elevated fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance.
- Adverse events were collected by quarterly queries during the DPP and annual gastrointestinal symptom questions; weight was measured twice yearly, waist circumference annually, and hemoglobin/hematocrit annually. Adherence was assessed by pill counts as ≥80% or <80%.
- Analyses covered the first 2 years of double-blind treatment and the full follow-up period; fixed-effects repeated-measures models adjusted for baseline weight and waist circumference, and generalized estimating equations assessed symptoms and adverse events over time.
Limitations
- Stated: 12% of DPP participants chose not to continue into the DPPOS; some may have discontinued or declined open-label metformin because of side effects, potentially influencing the safety and tolerability profile during the open-label DPPOS period.
- Stated/implied: the adherence–weight analyses were post hoc, adherence was not randomized, and placebo was discontinued during the open-label phase so adherence could not be assigned for placebo.
- Evident: the open-label DPPOS phase was unblinded, and adherence categories may be confounded by tolerability, health behaviors, or reasons for low adherence; the paper notes that low-adherence metformin and placebo groups would not be expected to have the same characteristics.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 15 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The associations of adherence to medication with changes in waist circumference were not statistically significant for either the metformin or placebo groups. (Fig. 1C and D).”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > RESULTS > DPP—results from the double-blind phase
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The percentage losing ≥10% of their body weight at 1 year was 8% for the metformin versus 4% for the placebo group and at 2 years was 10% for the metformin and 5% for the placebo group (P < 0.001 for both time periods).”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > RESULTS > DPP—results from the double-blind phase
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rates of gastrointestinal symptoms were similar between groups by years 6 through 9 (P > 0.10).”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > RESULTS > Safety and tolerability
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over the total follow-up, average weight loss from baseline in the metformin treatment group, independent of adherence, was 2.0% (1.9 kg).”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > RESULTS > Results including DPPOS—open-label treatment
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the DPP, metformin participants had reduced body weight and waist circumference compared with placebo (weight by 2.06 ± 5.65% vs. 0.02 ± 5.52%, P < 0.001, and waist circumference by 2.13 ± 7.06 cm vs. 0.79 ± 6.54 cm, P < 0.001 in metformin vs. placebo, respectively).”
- Also stated in: § DPP—results from the double-blind phase · plain
“After 2 years, weight loss was 2.1 ± 5.7% in the metformin group compared with 0.02 ± 5.5% (P < 0.001) in the placebo group.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § DPP—results from the double-blind phase · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gastrointestinal symptoms were more common in metformin than placebo participants and declined over time.”
- Also stated in: § Safety and tolerability · plain
“Both types of gastrointestinal symptom reports declined throughout the DPP.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Safety and tolerability · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the DPP, metformin participants had reduced body weight and waist circumference compared with placebo (weight by 2.06 ± 5.65% vs. 0.02 ± 5.52%, P < 0.001, and waist circumference by 2.13 ± 7.06 cm vs. 0.79 ± 6.54 cm, P < 0.001 in metformin vs. placebo, respectively).”
- Also stated in: § DPP—results from the double-blind phase · plain
“Waist circumference was reduced at year 1 in the metformin group by 2.2 ± 6.2 cm vs. 0.71 ± 5.6 cm in the placebo group (P < 0.001) and at 2 years by 2.1 ± 7.1 cm in the metformin group vs. 0.79 ± 6.5 cm in the placebo group (P < 0.001 for both time periods).”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § DPP—results from the double-blind phase · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The percentage losing ≥10% of their body weight at 1 year was 8% for the metformin versus 4% for the placebo group and at 2 years was 10% for the metformin and 5% for the placebo group (P < 0.001 for both time periods).”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > RESULTS > DPP—results from the double-blind phase
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At year 1, 29% in the metformin group had lost ≥5% of their initial body weight, compared with 13% of the placebo group, and at 2 years, 26% of the metformin and 14% of the placebo group had lost ≥5% of baseline body weight (P < 0.001 for both time periods).”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > RESULTS > DPP—results from the double-blind phase
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the total follow-up period, 62% of the metformin participants were in the ≥50% or highly adherent categories compared with 72% in the 2-year double-blind phase (Table 1).”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > RESULTS > Results including DPPOS—open-label treatment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 20
- Probably not a substantial claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Placebo participants in all adherence subgroups remained within 1% of their baseline weight, on average, over the 2 years (Table 1), except for the 7% who were highly adherent with placebo, who had a small weight gain of 1.2% (P < 0.05 for the highly adherent compared with the >50% adherent group; all other P values >0.05).”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > RESULTS > DPP—results from the double-blind phase
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among placebo participants, body weight was relatively stable but waist circumference increased after the fourth year, continuing throughout the entire open-label follow-up (Fig. 2).”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > RESULTS > Results including DPPOS—open-label treatment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Average weight of highly adherent participants was 3.5 ± 0.35% below baseline at 2 years, very close to their 1-year weight loss.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > RESULTS > DPP—results from the double-blind phase
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Metformin participants in the low adherence group lost weight but placebo participants with low adherence did not.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > CONCLUSIONS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No unexpected adverse events or treatment group differences in adverse events were identified, either by the study’s Data and Safety Monitoring Board or in this analysis.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > RESULTS > Safety and tolerability
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Waist circumference remained significantly lower than at baseline in the highly adherent group (P < 0.05) through the 7-year visit, whereas in the partially adherent groups it was lower up to the 4-year visit, and in the low-adherence group only through 2 years.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > RESULTS > Results including DPPOS—open-label treatment
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Waist circumference increased in all groups after year 2, except for the highly adherent participants where the increase began after 5 years and waist circumference remained lower than baseline.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonserious adverse events for hypoglycemia and anemia during the DPP were also uncommon and similar in metformin and placebo participants, with seven metformin participants and eight placebo participants ever reporting hypoglycemia, and fifty metformin participants and thirty-eight placebo participants ever reporting anemia.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > RESULTS > Safety and tolerability
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Waist circumference initially declines, then steadily increases after a nadir at 12–36 months in all groups except in the highly adherent group, in which this increase was delayed for 5 years.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were three SAE reports for anemia (two metformin and one placebo participant), and there were none for lactic acidosis or hypoglycemia during nearly 18,000 patient-years of follow-up.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > RESULTS > Safety and tolerability
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Weight loss in the metformin group was maintained throughout the combined DPP and DPPOS period with metformin participants having an average 2.5-kg weight loss over time (6).”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Knowler, 2009, 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, Lancet source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Metformin used for diabetes prevention is safe and well tolerated.”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
“Metformin used in overweight or obese individuals with elevated fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance was associated with modest but durable weight loss and was safe and well tolerated over many years.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
In the paper
“Weight loss was a strong predictor of diabetes prevention in both the metformin and placebo groups with weight loss accounting for 64% of the metformin versus placebo effect on diabetes prevention (7).”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Lachin, 2007, Factors associated with diabetes onset during metformin versus placebo therapy in the Diabetes Prevention Program, Diabetes source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In summary, metformin produces a highly significant reduction in body weight and waist circumference with minimal safety issues and limited issues of tolerability (22).”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Fujioka, 2005, Efficacy, dose-response relationship and safety of once-daily extended-release metformin (Glucophage XR) in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycaemic control despite prior treatment with diet and exercise: results from two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, Diabetes Obes Metab source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adherence to placebo did not affect weight loss, suggesting that metformin, rather than nonspecific adherence to positive health behaviors, was the relevant factor.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > CONCLUSIONS
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adherence to metformin improved the magnitude of weight loss—but not waist circumference—during the first 2 years.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Metformin was well tolerated with few side effects.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > CONCLUSIONS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One potential bias is that 12% of DPP participants chose not to continue into the DPPOS. It is likely that some of those who discontinued the study or who continued but chose not to take open-label metformin did so because of side effects, which may have influenced the safety and tolerability profile of metformin during the open-label DPPOS period.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > CONCLUSIONS
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The weight reduction persists for up to 10 years and is related to adherence to metformin.”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > CONCLUSIONS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Metformin lowers glucose and reduces risk for diabetes in part through weight loss (2,7,16,17).”
§ Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Weight Loss Associated With Metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group, 1998, Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34), Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Lachin, 2007, Factors associated with diabetes onset during metformin versus placebo therapy in the Diabetes Prevention Program, Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Yanovski, 2011, Effects of metformin on body weight and body composition in obese insulin-resistant children: a randomized clinical trial, Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Avenell, 2004, Systematic review of the long-term effects and economic consequences of treatments for obesity and implications for health improvement, Health Technol Assess source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition, data from the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) indicates that metformin is effective in preventing the development of diabetes in patients with pre-diabetes and its use following a 10-year follow up associated with an average 2.1-kg weight loss (7).”
From A Critical Review of the Evidence That Metformin Is a Putative Anti-Aging Drug That Enhances Healthspan and Extends Lifespan (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“In addition to its benefits as an anti-hyperglycemic agent, metformin also lowers the atherosclerotic burden in non-diabetic persons at risk of developing T2DM (1, 7).”
From A Critical Review of the Evidence That Metformin Is a Putative Anti-Aging Drug That Enhances Healthspan and Extends Lifespan (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“data from the Diabetes Prevention Program study of 3234 pre-diabetic subjects over an average of 2.8 years who were randomized to receive placebo, metformin (850 mg bid), or lifestyle intervention, indicated that although both metformin and lifestyle changes were effective in reducing the risk of developing diabetes, lifestyle intervention was more effective (7).”
From A Critical Review of the Evidence That Metformin Is a Putative Anti-Aging Drug That Enhances Healthspan and Extends Lifespan (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“data from the Diabetes Prevention Program study of 3234 pre-diabetic subjects over an average of 2.8 years who were randomized to receive placebo, metformin (850 mg bid), or lifestyle intervention, indicated that although both metformin and lifestyle changes were effective in reducing the risk of developing diabetes, lifestyle intervention was more effective (7).”
From A Critical Review of the Evidence That Metformin Is a Putative Anti-Aging Drug That Enhances Healthspan and Extends Lifespan (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“In contrast to other antidiabetic drugs including insulin, metformin can lead independently to glycemic control and weight loss by decreasing food intake in both diabetic and non-diabetic individuals (18–20).”
From GDF-15 as a Weight Watcher for Diabetic and Non-Diabetic People Treated With Metformin (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“The magnitude of weight loss during the 2-year double-blind period was directly related to drug adherence, indicating a potential dose-effect (19).”
From GDF-15 as a Weight Watcher for Diabetic and Non-Diabetic People Treated With Metformin (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Combined adherence categories described as highly adherent
MinorThe conclusions say that 72% of metformin participants during the double-blind phase and 62% over the full trial were highly adherent. The results say those percentages include participants in either the ≥50% adherent or the highly adherent category.
“In the double-blind phase of the trial, 72% were highly adherent, and throughout the entire trial, 62% of the metformin group was highly adherent.”
“During the total follow-up period, 62% of the metformin participants were in the ≥50% or highly adherent categories compared with 72% in the 2-year double-blind phase (Table 1).”
Citations
Cites
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011
Everitt, B. S. (2001) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410605542-11 · Cited by 6,877
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61457-4 · Cited by 3,020
Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Mary, S., Mukesh, B., Bhaskar, A. D., Vijay, V., & Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme (IDPP) (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0097-z · Cited by 1,881
Pharmacologic Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
DeFronzo, R. A. (1999) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-131-4-199908170-00008 · Cited by 1,173
Analysis of Longitudinal Data.
Have, T. R. T., Diggle, P. J., Liang, K., & Zeger, S. L. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2291352 · Cited by 1,171
Metabolic effects of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Stumvoll, M., Nurjhan, N., Perriello, G., Dailey, G., & Gerich, J. E. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199508313330903 · Cited by 1,148 · cited 2×
“This is because metformininduced weight loss is almost exclusively confined to reductions in adipose mass (2,16,18) with little change in lean tissue.”
BackgroundAvenell, A., Broom, J., Brown, T., Poobalan, A., Aucott, L., Stearns, S., Smith, W., Jung, R., Campbell, M., & Grant, A. (2004) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta8210 · Cited by 1,041
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 493
Metformin Therapy in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Feasibility Study
Brosnahan, G., Wang, W., Gitomer, B. Y., Struemph, T., George, D. M., You, Z., Nowak, K. L., Klawitter, J., & Chonchol, M. B. (2021) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.06.026 · Cited by 59
Preiss, D., Dawed, A. Y., Welsh, P. I., Heggie, A. J., Jones, A. G., Dekker, J., Koivula, R. W., Hansen, T. H., Stewart, C., Holman, R. R., et al. (2016) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12826 · Cited by 61
Lentferink, Y. E., Knibbe, C. A. J., & van der Vorst, M. M. J. (2018) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-018-1025-0 · Cited by 59
Kanie, T., Mizuno, A., Takaoka, Y., Suzuki, T., Yoneoka, D., Nishikawa, Y., Tam, W. W. S., Morze, J., Rynkiewicz, A., Xin, Y., et al. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013650.pub2 · Cited by 80
Pradhan, R., Yin, H., Yu, O. H. Y., & Azoulay, L. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-1953 · Cited by 60
Complications of Diabetes Therapy
Corathers, S. D., Peavie, S., & Salehi, M. (2013) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.06.005 · Cited by 58
Disease or not, aging is easily treatable
Blagosklonny, M. V. (2018) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101647 · Cited by 56
Metformin: an old therapy that deserves a new indication for the treatment of obesity.
Igel, L. I., Sinha, A., Saunders, K. H., Apovian, C. M., Vojta, D., & Aronne, L. J. (2016) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-016-0568-3 · Cited by 52
Grandy, S., Fox, K., & Hardy, É. (2013) · Current Therapeutic Research · doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2013.06.004 · Cited by 46
3. Prevention or Delay of Diabetes and Associated Comorbidities: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
Bajaj, M. S., McCoy, R. G., Balapattabi, K., Bannuru, R. R., Bellini, N. J., Bennett, A. K., Beverly, E. A., Early, K. B., ChallaSivaKanaka, S., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-s003 · Cited by 72
Sex-specific differences in diabetes prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Glechner, A., Harreiter, J., Gartlehner, G., Rohleder, S., Kautzky, A., Tuomilehto, J. O., Noord, M. V., Kaminski-Hartenthaler, A., & Kautzky‐Willer, A. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3439-x · Cited by 56
Pre-stroke Metformin Treatment is Neuroprotective Involving AMPK Reduction
Deng, T., Zheng, Y., Hou, W., Yuan, Y., Shen, Z., Wu, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, L., Hu, W., Chen, Z., et al. (2016) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-016-1988-8 · Cited by 52
The GDF15-GFRAL pathway is dispensable for the effects of metformin on energy balance
Klein, A. B., Nicolaisen, T. S., Johann, K., Fritzen, A. M., Mathiesen, C. V., Gil, C., Pilmark, N. S., Karstoft, K., Blond, M. B., Quist, J. S., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111258 · Cited by 52
Lal, J. C., Mao, C., Zhou, Y., Gore-Panter, S. R., Rennison, J. H., Lovano, B. S., Castel, L., Shin, J., Gillinov, A. M., Smith, J. D., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100749 · Cited by 47
Molecular mechanisms of action of metformin: latest advances and therapeutic implications
Zhu, H., Jia, Z., Li, Y. R., & Danelisen, I. (2023) · Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10238-023-01051-y · Cited by 59
Moin, T., Duru, O. K., Turk, N., Chon, J. S., Frosch, D. L., Martín, J. M., Jeffers, K. S., Castellon‐Lopez, Y., Tseng, C., Norris, K. C., et al. (2019) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05238-6 · Cited by 54
KDOQI US Commentary on the KDIGO 2020 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in CKD
Mottl, A. K., Alicic, R. Z., Argyropoulos, C., Brosius, F. C., Mauer, M. S., Molitch, M. E., Nelson, R. G., Perreault, L., & Nicholas, S. B. (2022) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.09.010 · Cited by 60
Where Does Metformin Stand in Modern Day Management of Type 2 Diabetes?
Ahmad, E., Sargeant, J. A., Zaccardi, F., Khunti, K., Webb, D. R., & Davies, M. J. (2020) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph13120427 · Cited by 54
Prediction and validation of enzyme and transporter off-targets for metformin
Yee, S. W., Lin, L., Merski, M., Keiser, M. J., Gupta, A., Zhang, Y., Chien, H., Shoichet, B. K., & Giacomini, K. M. (2015) · Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics · doi:10.1007/s10928-015-9436-y · Cited by 49
Tripathy, D., Schwenke, D. C., Banerji, M., Bray, G. A., Buchanan, T. A., Clement, S. C., Henry, R. R., Kitabchi, A. E., Mudaliar, S. R. D., Ratner, R. E., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-4202 · Cited by 49
Metformin and Thyroid: An Update
Παππά, Θ., & Alevizaki, M. (2013) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000346248 · Cited by 51
Remission of Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With Weight Loss and Exercise
Ades, P. A., Savage, P. D., Marney, A. M., Harvey, J., & Evans, K. A. (2015) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/hcr.0000000000000106 · Cited by 50
Owen, J., & Reisin, E. (2015) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-015-0558-9 · Cited by 48
5. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes
American Diabetes Association (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-s008 · Cited by 46
PI3K/mTOR is a therapeutically targetable genetic dependency in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
Duchatel, R. J., Jackson, E. R., Parackal, S., Kiltschewskij, D. J., Findlay, I. J., Mannan, A., Staudt, D. E., Thomas, B. C., Germon, Z. P., Laternser, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci170329 · Cited by 45
Grandy, S., Hashemi, M., Langkilde, A., Parikh, S. J., & Sjöström, C. D. (2014) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12263 · Cited by 44
Yao, C.-H., Wang, L., Stancliffe, E., Sindelar, M., Cho, K., Yin, W., Wang, Y., & Patti, G. J. (2019) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03811 · Cited by 43
Vora, B., Green, E. A. E., Khuri, N., Bällgren, F., Sirota, M., & Giacomini, K. M. (2019) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz255 · Cited by 42
RSSDI-ESI Clinical Practice Recommendations for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 2020
Chawla, R., Madhu, S. V., Makkar, B. M., Ghosh, S. K., Saboo, B., Kalra, S., & On behalf of RSSDI-ESI Consensus Group (2020) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-020-00819-2 · Cited by 44
Effect of metformin on outcomes of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation
Deshmukh, A., Ghannam, M., Liang, J. J., Saeed, M., Cunnane, R. T., Ghanbari, H., Latchamsetty, R., Crawford, T. C., Batul, S. A., Chung, E. H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/jce.14954 · Cited by 44
Zhu, Y.-Y., Feng, Y., Shen, L., De-sheng, X., Wang, B., Ruan, K., & Cong, W. (2013) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.02.040 · Cited by 41
Fu, L., Bruckbauer, A., Li, F., Cao, Q., Cui, X., Wu, R., Shi, H., Zemel, M. B., & Xue, B. (2015) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.03.007 · Cited by 43
Turner, J. B. M., Kumar, A., & Koch, C. A. (2016) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9358-z · Cited by 41
Treating prediabetes: why and how should we do it?
Braga, T. G., Kraemer‐Aguiar, L. G., Docherty, N. G., & le Roux, C. W. (2019) · Minerva Medica · doi:10.23736/s0026-4806.18.05897-4 · Cited by 42
Metabolomic Approaches to Investigate the Effect of Metformin: An Overview
Kim, H. W. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms221910275 · Cited by 44
Beteri, B., Barone, M., Turroni, S., Brigidi, P., Tzortzis, G., Vulevic, J., Sekulic, K., Motei, D. E., & Costabile, A. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16142205 · Cited by 42
“This metabolic condition, characterised by elevated blood glucose levels, reflects underlying insulin resistance or inadequate pancreatic insulin secretion [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialMechanisms of current therapies for diabetes mellitus type 2
Thulé, P. M. (2012) · AJP Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00094.2012 · Cited by 42
Zhuo, C., Xu, Y. J., Liu, S., Li, J., Zheng, Q., Gao, X., Li, S., Jing, R., Song, X., Yue, W., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01393 · Cited by 40
Packer, M. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107647 · Cited by 42
Rani, R., Hajam, Y. A., Kumar, R., Bhat, R. A., Rai, S., & Rather, M. A. (2021) · Phytomedicine Plus · doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100161 · Cited by 45
Amin, S. V., Khanna, S., Parvar, S. P., Shaw, L. T., Dao, D., Hariprasad, S. M., & Skondra, D. (2022) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/15353702211069986 · Cited by 42
Metformin inhibits cell proliferation in SKM-1 cells via AMPK-mediated cell cycle arrest
Zhou, X., Kuang, Y., Liang, S., & Wang, L. (2019) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2019.10.003 · Cited by 39
GDF-15 as a Weight Watcher for Diabetic and Non-Diabetic People Treated With Metformin
Ouyang, J., Isnard, S., Lin, J., Fombuena, B., Peng, X., Chen, Y., & Routy, J.-P. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.581839 · Cited by 39
Mechanisms of action for the anti-obesogenic activities of phytochemicals
Ahmad, B., Friar, E. P., Vohra, M. S., Garrett, M. D., Serpell, C. J., Fong, I. L., & Wong, E. H. (2020) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112513 · Cited by 39
Andreasen, C. R., Andersen, A., Knop, F. K., & Vilsbøll, T. (2021) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14500 · Cited by 40
“However, up to 15% of patients do not tolerate metformin even in the lowest doses.(80)”
BackgroundThe Effects of Metformin on Obesity-Induced Dysfunctional Retinas
Kim, A. J., Chang, J. Y.-A., Shi, L., Chang, R. C.-A., Ko, M. L., & Ko, G. Y.-P. (2017) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.16-20691 · Cited by 38
Ceglia, L., Nelson, J., Ware, J. S., Alysandratos, K., Bray, G. A., Garganta, C. L., Nathan, D. M., Hu, F. B., Dawson-Hughes, B. F., & Pittas, A. G. (2015) · Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s00394-015-1066-z · Cited by 39
Progress in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy, a systematic review
Shou, Y., Li, X. M., Fang, Q., Xie, A., Zhang, Y., Fu, X., Wang, M., Gong, W., Zhang, X., & Yang, D. (2024) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.1177 · Cited by 36
“105 In addition, metformin is prone to accumulate in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease, leading to lactic acidosis, central nervous system dysfunc - tion, cardiovascular failure, renal failure, and even death.”
BackgroundPharmacogenomics of Medication‐Induced Weight Gain and Antiobesity Medications
Singh, S., Ricardo-Silgado, M. L., Bielinski, S. J., & Acosta, A. J. (2021) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23068 · Cited by 43
Trenson, L., Trenson, S., van Nes, F., Moyson, C., Lannoo, M., Deleus, E., Meulemans, A., Matthys, C., Mertens, A., Van der Schueren, B., et al. (2022) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000520217 · Cited by 34
Metformin Intervention—A Panacea for Cancer Treatment?
Buczyńska, A., Sidorkiewicz, I., Kretowski, A. J., Zbucka-Krętowska, M., & Adamska, A. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14051336 · Cited by 37
Subramaniam, K., Joseph, M. P., & Babu, L. A. (2021) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd20-0101 · Cited by 34
Metformin, a biological and synthetic overview
Hernández‐Velázquez, E. D., Betancourt, C. A., Alonso‐Castro, Á. J., Ortíz‐Alvarado, R., López, J. A., Carmen, V. M., & Solorio‐Alvarado, C. R. (2023) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129241 · Cited by 36
Zheng, J., Xu, M., Yang, Q., Hu, C., Walker, V. M., Lu, J., Wang, J., Liu, R., Xu, Y., Wang, T., et al. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104803 · Cited by 35
Lexis, C. P. H., van der Horst‐Schrivers, A. N. A., Lipšic, E., Valente, M. A. E., Kobold, A. C. M., de Boer, R. A., van Veldhuisen, D. J., van der Harst, P., & van der Horst, I. C. C. (2015) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2015-000090 · Cited by 34
Poovitha, S., Muddineni, S. S. N. A., & Parani, M. (2017) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.042 · Cited by 32
Obesity Connected Metabolic Changes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Treated With Metformin
Aleidi, S. M., Dahabiyeh, L. A., Gu, X., Dubayee, M. A., Alshahrani, A. S., Benabdelkamel, H., Mujammami, M. H., Li, L., Aljada, A., & Rahman, A. M. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.616157 · Cited by 35
“Randomized controlled clinical trials have shown that metformin is associated with weight loss and waist circumference reduction in obese and overweight diabetic patients compared to placebo (UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group, 1998; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, 2012).”
BackgroundKanie, T., Mizuno, A., Yoneoka, D., Tam, W., Morze, J., Rynkiewicz, A., Xin, Y., Wu, O., & Kwong, J. S. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013650 · Cited by 34
Matteo, S. D., Nevi, L., Overi, D., Landolina, N., Faccioli, J., Giulitti, F., Napoletano, C., Oddi, A., Marziani, A. M., Costantini, D., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81172-0 · Cited by 32
Mechanisms of ageing: growth hormone, dietary restriction, and metformin
Khan, J., Pernicova, I., Nisar, K., & Korbonits, M. (2023) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00001-3 · Cited by 34
A marriage of two “Methusalem” drugs for the treatment of psoriasis?
Glossmann, H. H., & Reider, N. (2013) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.23874 · Cited by 32
Chu, P. Y., Hackstadt, A. J., Chipman, J., Griffin, M. R., Hung, A. M., Greevy, R. A., Grijalva, C. G., Elasy, T., & Roumie, C. L. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-2391 · Cited by 31
Obesidad y diabetes mellitus tipo 2: también unidas en opciones terapéuticas
Rubio-Almanza, M., Cámara-Gómez, R., & Merino-Torres, J. F. (2018) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endinu.2018.08.003 · Cited by 36
The Effectiveness of Metformin in Diabetes Prevention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Patel, D., Ayesha, I. E., Monson, N. R., Klair, N., Patel, U., Saxena, A., & Hamid, P. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.46108 · Cited by 29
“Another study by the DPP research group conducted in 2012 reported that the use of metformin for diabetes prevention is both safe and well-tolerated [32].”
BackgroundObesity and type 2 diabetes: Also linked in therapeutic options
Rubio-Almanza, M., Cámara-Gómez, R., & Merino-Torres, J. F. (2018) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.endien.2018.11.006 · Cited by 29
Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. Actualización PAPPS 2018
Cuixart, C. B., Sánchez, J. J. A., Banegas, J. R., León, C. F., Lobos-Bejarano, J. M., Rioboó, E. M., Pérez, J. N., Orozco‐Beltrán, D., & Álvarez, F. V. (2018) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/s0212-6567(18)30360-3 · Cited by 29
Lentferink, Y. E., van der Aa, M. P., van Mill, E. G. A. H., Knibbe, C. A. J., & van der Vorst, M. M. J. (2018) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/s41387-018-0057-6 · Cited by 31
Metformin-associated lactic acidosis and factors associated with 30-day mortality
Thammavaranucupt, K., Phonyangnok, B., Parapiboon, W., Wongluechai, L., Pichitporn, W., Sumrittivanicha, J., D, S. S. M., Nongnuch, A., & Jayanama, K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273678 · Cited by 28
Nakajima, H., Okada, S., Mohri, T., Kanda, E., Inaba, N., Hirasawa, Y., Seino, H., Kuroda, H., Hiyoshi, T., Niiya, T., et al. (2018) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-018-0313-x · Cited by 28
Metformin Cessation and Dementia Incidence
Zimmerman, S. C., Ferguson, E. L., Choudhary, V., Ranatunga, D. K., Oni‐Orisan, A., Hayes‐Larson, E., Folle, A. D., Mayeda, E. R., Whitmer, R. A., Gilsanz, P., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39723 · Cited by 30
Metformin and health outcomes: An umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta‐analyses
Li, X., Celotto, S., Pizzol, D., Gašević, D., Ji, M., Barnini, T., Solmi, M., Stubbs, B., Smith, L., Sánchez, G. F. L., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13536 · Cited by 27
Zhang, X., Ren, H., Zhao, C., Shi, Z., Li, Q., Yang, F., Zhou, X., Han, X., Wu, K., Zhong, H., et al. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05768-5 · Cited by 28
“In addition to the known glucose-lowering effects, all three medicines are reported to effectively increase GLP-1 concentrations and reduce BW [12, 44], and the GIT has been considered a major target organ of the above drugs.”
BackgroundLin, M., Dai, W., Scott, M. J., Li, R., Zhang, Y.-Q., Yang, Y., Chen, L.-Z., & Huang, X. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.22163 · Cited by 26
Pavlović, K., Jakovljevic, N. K., Isakovic, A. M., Ivanovic, T., Marković, I., & Lalic, N. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.930308 · Cited by 30
Metformin transporter pharmacogenomics: insights into drug disposition—where are we now?
Chan, P., Shao, L., Tomlinson, B., Zhang, Y., & Liu, Z.-M. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2018.1541981 · Cited by 27
Gómez-Escribano, A. P., Bono-Yagüe, J., García-Gimeno, M., Sequedo, M. D., Hervás, D., Fornés, V., Torres-Sánchez, S., Millán, J. M., Sanz, P., & Vázquez‐Manrique, R. P. (2020) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105105 · Cited by 25
Şahin, K., Şahintürk, Y., Köker, G., Köker, G. Ö., Bostan, F., Kök, M., Uyar, S., & Çekın, A. H. (2022) · The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.5152/tjg.2022.211063 · Cited by 27
Xu, L., Wang, X., Chen, Y., Soong, L., Chen, Y., Cai, J., Liang, Y., & Sun, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.638575 · Cited by 23
Tapia, E. O., Villa-Guillen, D. E., Chalasani, P., Centuori, S. M., Roe, D. J., Guillen-Rodriguez, J., Huang, C., Galons, J., Thomson, C. A., Altbach, M. I., et al. (2021) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-021-06355-9 · Cited by 23
Perez, A., Alos, V. A., Scanlan, A. B., Maia, C. M., Davey, A., Whitaker, R. C., Foster, G. D., Ackermann, R. T., & O’Brien, M. J. (2015) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2015.10.011 · Cited by 23
Metformin for overweight women at midlife: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial
Worsley, R., Jane, F., Robinson, P. J., Bell, R. J., & Davis, S. R. (2014) · Climacteric · doi:10.3109/13697137.2014.954997 · Cited by 22
Du, Q., Wu, B., Wang, Y., Yang, S., Zhao, Y., & Liang, Y. (2013) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2013.833090 · Cited by 22
Update on off label use of metformin for obesity
El‐Arabey, A. A. (2018) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2018.02.004 · Cited by 23
Long-term metformin adherence in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study
Walker, E. A., Gonzalez, J. S., Tripputi, M., Dagogo-Jack, S. E., Matulik, M. J., Montez, M. G., Tadros, S. S., & Edelstein, S. L. (2020) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001537 · Cited by 24
Current and Emerging Pharmacotherapies for Weight Management in Prediabetes and Diabetes
Lau, D. C. W., & Teoh, H. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2015.10.001 · Cited by 22
Hurren, K. M., & Dunham, M. W. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1494727 · Cited by 20
Oh, S., Cho, Y., Chang, M., Park, S., & Kwon, H. N. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11080480 · Cited by 20
Targeting skeletal muscle mitochondrial health in obesity
Pileggi, C. A., Hooks, B. G., McPherson, R., Dent, R. R. M., & Harper, M.-E. (2022) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20210506 · Cited by 21
Repurposing Metformin for Vascular Disease
Triggle, C. R., Marei, I., Ye, K., Ding, H., Anderson, T. J., Hollenberg, M. D., & Hill, M. A. (2022) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867329666220729154615 · Cited by 22
“The results of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) research group, although providing support for the weight loss and the safety benefits of metformin, concluded that the benefit of lifestyle intervention alone was greater than that resulting from metformin; and furthermore, the combination with metformin was less b…”
BackgroundResultReducing the Risk of Obesity: Defining the Role of Weight Loss Drugs
Ling, H., Lenz, T. L., Burns, T. L., & Hilleman, D. E. (2013) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1002/phar.1277 · Cited by 21
The safety and pharmacokinetics of metformin in patients with chronic liver disease
Smith, F. C., STOCKER, S. L., Danta, M., Carland, J. E., Kumar, S. S., Liu, Z., Greenfield, J. R., Braithwaite, H. E., Cheng, T. S., Graham, G. G., et al. (2020) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.15635 · Cited by 22
Oktay, V. (2017) · The Anatolian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2017.7836 · Cited by 21
“Discussion In our study, we have shown that the use of peri-procedural metformin in patients with normal or mildly impaired renal functions (eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m2), who are using metformin for T2DM treatment, and who were scheduled for elective CAG is reliable with respect to the development of CIN and LA.”
BackgroundInfluentialMetformin: risk-benefit profile with a focus on cancer
Provinciali, N., Lazzeroni, M., Cazzaniga, M., Gorlero, F., Dunn, B. K., & DeCensi, A. (2015) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1517/14740338.2015.1084289 · Cited by 21
The impact of obesity on prostate cancer recurrence observed after exclusion of diabetics
Agalliu, I., Williams, S. K., Adler, B., Androga, L. A., Siev, M., Lin, J., Xue, X., Huang, G. S., Strickler, H. D., & Ghavamian, R. (2015) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-015-0554-z · Cited by 20
Real Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in a Coronary Disease Population
de la Hera, J. M., García-Ruiz, J. M., Martínez‐Camblor, P., Martín, M. A. A., Tellería, A. L., Corros, C., Torres, F., Fernández-Cimadevilla, O. C., Pichel, I. A., Capín, E., et al. (2012) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.10.008 · Cited by 20
Lee, D., Lee, D., Choi, S., Lee, J. S., Jang, D. S., & Kang, K. S. (2019) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom9100618 · Cited by 20
Antiobesity drug therapy: An individualized and comprehensive approach
Mauer, Y., Parker, M., & Kashyap, S. R. (2021) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.88a.20080 · Cited by 23
Metformin prevents airway hyperreactivity in rats with dietary obesity
Calco, G. N., Proskocil, B. J., Jacoby, D. B., Fryer, A. D., & Nie, Z. (2021) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00202.2021 · Cited by 22
Blood ALDH1 and GST Activity in Diabetes Type 2 and its Correlation with Glycated Hemoglobin
Giebułtowicz, J., Sołobodowska, S., Bobilewicz, D., & Wroczyński, P. (2014) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-0033-1361177 · Cited by 20
Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. Actualización PAPPS 2020
Orozco‐Beltrán, D., Cuixart, C. B., Sánchez, J. J. A., Banegas, J. R., Cuenca, A. M. C., Gil-Guillén, V. F., Rioboó, E. M., & Pérez, J. N. (2020) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2020.08.002 · Cited by 24
“Se recomienda el uso de la app para smartphones (A1c Calculator Application) para el cálculo de objetivos individualizados”
Metadata
- Authors
- The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2012-03-13
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 731-737
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC3308305
- OpenAlex
- W2096559770
- Cited by
- 494
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 22.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Hispana (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK017047)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Keywords
- metformin, diabetes prevention, long-term safety, tolerability, weight loss, waist circumference, gastrointestinal adverse effects, hemoglobin, hematocrit, medication adherence, type 2 diabetes prevention, open-label extension
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Double-Blind Method, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Metformin, Middle Aged, Placebos, Prediabetic State, Time Factors, Weight Loss, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
