The Comparative Effectiveness of Diabetes Prevention Strategies to Reduce Postpartum Weight Retention in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Gestational Diabetes’ Effects on Moms (GEM) Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Ferrara, Assiamira; Hedderson, Monique M.; Brown, Susan D.; Albright, Cheryl L.; Ehrlich, Samantha F.; Tsai, Ai-Lin; Caan, Bette J.; Sternfeld, Barbara; Gordon, Nancy P.; Schmittdiel, Julie A.; Gunderson, Erica P.; Mevi, Ashley A.; Herman, William H.; Ching, Jenny; Crites, Yvonne; Quesenberry, Charles P.

doi:10.2337/dc15-1254

Cited by 171Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

The Comparative Effectiveness of Diabetes Prevention Strategies to Reduce Postpartum Weight Retention in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Gestational Diabetes’ Effects on Moms (GEM) Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

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Ferrara, Assiamira, Hedderson, Monique M., Brown, Susan D., Albright, Cheryl L., Ehrlich, Samantha F., Tsai, Ai-Lin, Caan, Bette J., Sternfeld, Barbara +8 more·2016·Diabetes Care

DOI 10.2337/dc15-1254PMC PMC4686847

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of diabetes prevention strategies addressing postpartum weight retention for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) delivered at the health system level: mailed recommendations (usual care) versus usual care plus a Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)–derived lifestyle intervention. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was a cluster randomized controlled trial of 44 medical facilities (including 2,280 women with GDM) randomized to intervention or usual care. The intervention included mailed gestational weight gain recommendations plus 13 telephone sessions between 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Primary outcomes included the following: proportion meeting the postpartum goals of 1) reaching pregravid weight if pregravid BMI <25.0 kg/m2 or 2) losing 5% of pregravid weight if BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2; and pregravid to postpartum weight change. RESULTS: On average, over the 12-month postpartum period, women in the intervention had significantly higher odds of meeting weight goals than women in usual care (odds ratio [OR] 1.28 [95% CI 1.10, 1.47]). The proportion meeting weight goals was significantly higher in the intervention than usual care at 6 weeks (25.5 vs. 22.4%; OR 1.17 [1.01, 1.36]) and 6 months (30.6 vs. 23.9%; OR 1.45 [1.14, 1.83]). Condition differences were reduced at 12 months (33.0 vs. 28.0%; OR 1.25 [0.96, 1.62]). At 6 months, women in the intervention retained significantly less weight than women in usual care (mean 0.39 kg [SD 5.5] vs. 0.95 kg [5.5]; mean condition difference −0.64 kg [95% CI −1.13, −0.14]) and had greater increases in vigorous-intensity physical activity (mean condition difference 15.4 min/week [4.9, 25.8]). CONCLUSIONS: A DPP-derived lifestyle intervention modestly reduced postpartum weight retention and increased vigorous-intensity physical activity.

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Of 5 TM studies on T2DM development, 1 by Sakane et al indicated TM is effective, and the other 4 did not show significant differences compared to the control group.
“Of the 5 (20%) studies reporting the effects of TM on T2DM development, only 1 (20%) study by Sakane et al [39] indicated that TM is effective. The other 4 (80%) studies [35,40,44,50] did not show any significant differences compared to the control group.”
From Digital Health Interventions to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
The Exploratory Outcomes section reports no statistically significant difference between intervention and usual care for *combined prediabetes or diabetes* incidence (hazard ratio 0.90, 95% CI 0.78–1.04). It does not report a separate significance test for type 2 diabetes development, so it supports the cited sentence only at the broader combined-outcome level. The paper does not assess the sentence’s count of five studies or its claim about Sakane et al. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Self-citation
A pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial of diabetes prevention strategies for women with gestational diabetes: design and rationale of the Gestational Diabetes’ Effects on Moms (GEM) study
Ferrara, A. M., Hedderson, M. M., Albright, C. L., Brown, S. D., Ehrlich, S. F., Caan, B. J., Sternfeld, B., Gordon, N. P., Schmittdiel, J. A., Gunderson, E. P., et al. (2014) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-21 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation
Long-Term Weight Retention After Gestational Diabetes: Role of Postpartum Lifestyle Interventions
Adam, P., & Chaisson, N. (2026) · British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
A Web-Based Lifestyle Intervention for Women With Recent Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Nicklas, J. M., Zera, C. A., England, L. J., Rosner, B. A., Horton, E., Levkoff, S. E., & Seely, E. W. (2014) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000000420 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

Authors: Ferrara, A., Hedderson, M. M., Brown, S. D., Albright, C. L., Ehrlich, S. F., Tsai, A.-L., Caan, B. J., Sternfeld, B., Gordon, N. P., Schmittdiel, J. A., Gunderson, E. P., Mevi, A. A., Herman, W. H., Ching, J., Crites, Y., & Quesenberry, C. P.
Affiliations: Kaiser Permanente (US)
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author: Ferrara, Assiamira
ORCID: Ferrara, Assiamira
Hedderson, Monique M.
Brown, Susan D.
Albright, Cheryl L.
Ehrlich, Samantha F.
Caan, Bette J.
Gordon, Nancy P.
Schmittdiel, Julie A.
Gunderson, Erica P.
Herman, William H.
Quesenberry, Charles P.
Venue: Diabetes Care
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 2015-04-12
Volume: 39
Issue: 1
Pages: 65-74
ISSN: 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
1935-5548
DOI: 10.2337/dc15-1254
PMC: PMC4686847
OpenAlex: W2193661811
Cited by: 171
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 12.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: University of Southern California
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HS019367)
University of California, San Diego
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K01DK105106, R18DK067334, K01DK099404, P30DK092926, P30DK092924, P30DK020572)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: postpartum weight retention, diabetes prevention, lifestyle intervention, Diabetes Prevention Program, telephone-delivered intervention, postpartum weight loss, high-intensity exercise, maternal health
MeSH terms: Adult, Behavior Therapy, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Humans, Life Style, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Cluster Analysis, Diabetes, Gestational, Risk Reduction Behavior, Postpartum Period, Young Adult

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The Comparative Effectiveness of Diabetes Prevention Strategies to Reduce Postpartum Weight Retention in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Gestational Diabetes’ Effects on Moms (GEM) Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

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