Exercise in individuals with IDDM
Abstract
The greater energy requirements that accompany exercise necessitate an increase in fuel mobilization from sites of storage and a subsequent increase in the oxidation of thesefuels within the working muscle. A precise endocrine response controls the needed increment in fuel metabolism. The importance of the endocrine system is readily apparent in individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in whom the normal endocrine response to exercise is lost. When a person with IDDM exercises with too little insulin in the circulation, an excessive counterregulatory hormone response may ensue, and the alreadyelevated blood glucose and ketone body levels can become even greater. On the other hand,if too much insulin is present, the exercise-induced increase in substrate mobilization can be attenuated or completely blocked and, as a result, hypoglycemia may ensue. Insulin therapy must be modified in anticipation of exercise to avoid states of under- or overinsulinization, and/or carbohydrate ingestion must be adjusted to compensate for the potential glycemic effects of inappropriate insulin levels. The presence of advanced diabetic complications can further accentuate the difficulty of exercise for those with IDDM. The purpose of this review is to provide the scientific information necessary to assess therationale for recommending regular exercise to individuals with IDDM and to develop guidelines for integrating daily exercise with insulin treatment and dietary management.
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These metabolic shifts occur independently of insulin, as circulating insulin levels remain suppressed during exercise, and the contribution of fatty acid oxidation to energy production decreases proportionally.
“These metabolic shifts occur independently of insulin, as circulating insulin levels remain suppressed during exercise, and the contribution of fatty acid oxidation to energy production decreases proportionally (106, 107).”
From Diet and physical exercise as key players to tackle MASLD through improvement of insulin resistance and metabolic flexibility (2024) · cites this paper as [106]
Regular exercise improves blood glucose control.
“Regular exercise has been shown to improve blood glucose control, reduce cardiovascular risk factors, contribute to weight loss, and improve well being.”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [115]
Regular exercise improves well being.
“Regular exercise has been shown to improve blood glucose control, reduce cardiovascular risk factors, contribute to weight loss, and improve well being.”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [115]
Regular exercise reduces cardiovascular risk factors.
“Regular exercise has been shown to improve blood glucose control, reduce cardiovascular risk factors, contribute to weight loss, and improve well being.”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [115]
Regular exercise contributes to weight loss.
“Regular exercise has been shown to improve blood glucose control, reduce cardiovascular risk factors, contribute to weight loss, and improve well being.”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [115]
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- Authors
- Wasserman, D. H., & Zinman, B.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 1994-08-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 924-937
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2083413588
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, physical activity, insulin therapy, hypoglycemia, counterregulatory hormones, ketone bodies, substrate mobilization, carbohydrate intake, endocrine response to exercise, diabetes complications, exercise recommendations
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Energy Metabolism, Glucose, Homeostasis, Humans, Liver, Muscles, Exercise
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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