Cited by 531Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchDiabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

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Is Type II Diabetes Associated With an Increased Risk of Cognitive Dysfunction?: A critical review of published studies

Strachan, Mark W J, Deary, Ian J, Ewing, Fiona M E, Frier, Brian M·1997·Diabetes Care

DOI 10.2337/diacare.20.3.438

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Abstract

Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes may be associated with impaired cognitive function. A detailed search of the literature has identified 19 controlled studies in which cognitive function in type II diabetes has been examined. The studies vary widely with respect to the nature of the diabetic populations studied and the psychological tests used. Thirteen studies demonstrated that the diabetic individuals performed more poorly in at least one aspect of cognitive function. The most commonly affected cognitive ability was verbal memory. Psychomotor ability and frontal lobe function were affected less consistently. The remaining six studies showed no differences in cognitive ability between subjects with type II diabetes and nondiabetic control subjects, but none had adequate statistical power to detect a between-group difference in cognitive ability of 0.5 of a standard deviation (a medium effect size). These findings are consistent with type II diabetes being associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction. However, the widespread differences in methodology between the studies should lead to a cautious interpretation of their conclusions. The etiology of any cognitive decrement in type II diabetes is likely to result from an interaction between metabolic abnormalities intrinsic to diabetes, diabetes-specific complications, and other diabetes-related disorders.

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The effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark water extract on memory performance in alloxan-induced diabetic mice
Mesripour, A., Moghimi, F., & Rafieian‐Kopaei, M. (2016) · Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.4103/1735-5362.189308 · Cited by 25
Exploring the Chemical Profiles and Biological Values of Two Spondias Species (S. dulcis and S. mombin): Valuable Sources of Bioactive Natural Products
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Glucose regulation is associated with cognitive performance in young nondiabetic adults
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Duration of Type 2 Diabetes and Very Low Density Lipoprotein Levels Are Associated with Cognitive Dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome
Yogi-Morren, D., Galioto, R., Strandjord, S. E., Kennedy, L., Manroa, P., Kirwan, J. P., Kashyap, S. R., & Gunstad, J. (2014) · Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1155/2014/656341 · Cited by 25
Synaptic plasticity in the diabetic brain: advanced aging?
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Increased Nε-(carboxymethyl)-lysine levels in cerebral blood vessels of diabetic patients and in a (streptozotocin-treated) rat model of diabetes mellitus
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“Several systemic reviews have unequivocally shown that DM is associated with accelerated cognitive decline and dementia (2, 17, 18 ).”
Background
Diabetic encephalopathy: the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in type 2 diabetes
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“81 There is an increasing body of neuropsychological studies showing brain structural changes and behavioral deficits, 82–85 such as cognitive decrements, 15,85 as well as learning and memory impairments, 4 thus confirming this early proposal.”
Glucoregulation has Greater Impact on Cognitive Performance than Macro-vascular Disease in Men with type 2 Diabetes: Data from the Caerphilly Study
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“Associations of diabetes with working memory are widely reported [18, 49–51].”
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Blood pressure levels in pre‐diabetic stages are associated with worse cognitive functioning in patients with type 2 diabetes
van den Berg, E., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Kessels, R. P. C., Kappelle, L. J., de Haan, E. H. F., Heine, R. J., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Biessels, G. J. (2009) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.1009 · Cited by 24
“Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with mild to moderate decrements in cognitive functioning, mainly in verbal memory, information processing speed and mental flexibility [1,2], and with an approximately two-fold increased risk of dementia [3].”
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Diabetes, Insulin and Alzheimer's Disease
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Future Trends and the Economic Burden of Dementia in Manitoba: Comparison with the Rest of Canada and the World
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Comorbid brain disorders associated with diabetes: therapeutic potentials of prebiotics, probiotics and herbal drugs
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Brain ageing and dementia: what makes the difference?
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DNA methylation patterns of LINE-1 and Alu for pre-symptomatic dementia in type 2 diabetes
Sae-Lee, C., Biasi, J. D., Robinson, N., Barrow, T. M., Mathers, J. C., Koutsidis, G., & Byun, H. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234578 · Cited by 25
Intelligence and executive functioning in adult age: Effects of sibship size and birth order
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Cognitive decline in older Mexican Americans with diabetes.
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Body mass index, cognitive ability, and dementia : prospective associations and methodological issues in late life
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Effects of a Diabetic Microenvironment on Neurodegeneration: Special Focus on Neurological Cells
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“Diabetes Case control studies of Type 2 diabetes in older adults have found cognitive impairment, most commonly for fluid-type abilities of learning and memory (Hassing et al., 2004a , b; Strachan et al., 1997 ).”
Background
A Pathophysiological Intersection of Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease
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Exendin-4 Prevents Memory Loss and Neuronal Death in Rats with Sporadic Alzheimer-Like Disease
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“Compared with the general population, the increased risk of dementia is 50–150% in people with T2DM [26–28].”
The synthetic cannabinoid HU-210 attenuates neural damage in diabetic mice and hyperglycemic pheochromocytoma PC12 cells
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“Clinical studies in diabetic patients demonstrate changes in cognitive function and decline in memory and mental speed (Strachan et al., 1997; Awad et al., 2004) which is more pronounced in the elderly (Sinclair et al., 2000) and in whom the incidence of dementia appears to be doubled (Ott et al.,…”
Background
Diabetic Peripheral Microvascular Complications: Relationship to Cognitive Function
Ba-Tin, L., Strike, P. W., & Tabet, N. (2011) · Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1155/2011/723434 · Cited by 22
Effects of Exercise and Nutrition on Memory in Japanese Americans With Impaired Glucose Tolerance
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Does moderately severe hypoglycemia cause cognitive dysfunction in children?
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Chronic ethanol ingestion, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rats
Jung, K.-I., Ju, A., Lee, H.-M., Lee, S., Song, C.-H., Won, W., Jeong, J., Hong, O., Kim, J.-H., & Kim, D. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.011 · Cited by 21
Changes in hippocampal synaptic functions and protein expression in monosodium glutamate‐treated obese mice during development of glucose intolerance
Sasaki‐Hamada, S., Hojo, Y., Koyama, H., Otsuka, H., & Oka, J. (2015) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12891 · Cited by 23
“Several reviews have shown that type 2 DM is associated with cognitive impairments (Strachan et al., 1997; Stewart & Liolitsa, 1999; Awad et al., 2002; Biessels et al., 2002), and longitudinal research revealed that type 2 DM could result in accelerated cognitive decline (Allen et al.”
Background

Authors: Strachan, M. W. J., Deary, I. J., Ewing, F. M. E., & Frier, B. M.
Affiliations: University of Edinburgh (GB)
Edinburgh Royal Infirmary (GB)
ORCID: Strachan, Mark W J
Deary, Ian J
Frier, Brian M
Venue: Diabetes Care
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 1997-03-01
Volume: 20
Issue: 3
Pages: 438-445
ISSN: 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
1935-5548
DOI: 10.2337/diacare.20.3.438
OpenAlex: W1967789041
Cited by: 529
References: 0
Citations by year: 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 7.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: type 2 diabetes, cognitive impairment, verbal memory, psychomotor performance, frontal lobe function, diabetes complications, metabolic abnormalities, effect size
MeSH terms: Cognition Disorders, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Risk Factors

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Is Type II Diabetes Associated With an Increased Risk of Cognitive Dysfunction?: A critical review of published studies

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