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Cited by 347Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchNeurological Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsCognitive Functions and Memory

Reduced glucose tolerance is associated with poor memory performance and hippocampal atrophy among normal elderly

Open access
Convit, Antonio, Wolf, Oliver T., Tarshish, Chaim, de Leon, Mony J.·2003·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.0336073100PMC PMC149951
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Abstract

Poor glucose tolerance and memory deficits, short of dementia, often accompanies aging. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether, among nondiabetic, nondemented middle-aged and elderly individuals, poorer glucose tolerance is associated with reductions in memory performance and smaller hippocampal volumes. We studied 30 subjects who were evaluated consecutively in an outpatient research setting. The composition of the participant group was 57% female and 68.6 ± 7.5 years of age; the participants had an average education of 16.2 ± 2.3 years, a score on the Mini Mental State Examination of 28.6 ± 1.5, a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) of 5.88 ± 0.74%, and a body mass index of 24.9 ± 4.1 kg/m 2 . Glucose tolerance was measured by an i.v. glucose tolerance test. Memory was tested by using the Wechsler Paragraphs recall tests at the time of administering the i.v. glucose tolerance test. The hippocampus and other brain volumes were measured by using validated methods on standardized MRIs. Decreased peripheral glucose regulation was associated with decreased general cognitive performance, memory impairments, and atrophy of the hippocampus, a brain area that is key for learning and memory. These associations were independent of age and Mini Mental State Examination scores. Therefore, these data suggest that metabolic substrate delivery may influence hippocampal structure and function. This observation may bring to light a mechanism for aging brain injury that may have substantial medical impact, given the large number of elderly individuals with impaired glucose metabolism.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Among 30 nondiabetic, nondemented middle-aged and elderly individuals, poorer peripheral glucose regulation was associated with worse memory performance and smaller hippocampal volumes. These associations were anatomically specific to the hippocampus and largely independent of age and Mini Mental State Examination scores.

Key findings

  • All three IVGTT glucose indices were inversely associated with Wechsler Paragraph Recall: baseline glucose vs delayed recall r = −0.37, 2-h glucose r = −0.62, and glucose AUC r = −0.53 (all P ≤ 0.05).
  • Higher fasting and 2-h glucose levels were associated with smaller cerebral-vault-adjusted hippocampal volumes: baseline glucose r = −0.43 and 2-h glucose r = −0.42 (both P ≤ 0.05); glucose AUC r = −0.30 (P < 0.10).
  • No significant associations were found between glucose indices and parahippocampal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, or global atrophy; delayed paragraph recall was specifically correlated with hippocampus volume (r = 0.49, P < 0.01).
  • Partial correlations controlling for age and MMSE showed similar results, e.g., 2-h glucose vs delayed recall r = −0.57 and vs hippocampus r = −0.40 (both P ≤ 0.05). Insulin values were not related to memory, MMSE, age, or brain volumes.

Methods

  • Thirty consecutively screened nondiabetic (fasting glucose <126 mg/dl), nondemented middle-aged and elderly subjects: 57% female, age 68.6 ± 7.5 years, education 16.2 ± 2.3 years, MMSE 28.6 ± 1.5, HbA1C 5.88 ± 0.74%, BMI 24.9 ± 4.1 kg/m².
  • Glucose regulation was assessed by standardized IVGTT using baseline fasting glucose, 2-h post-infusion glucose, and area under the glucose curve; memory was assessed with Wechsler Paragraph immediate and 10-min delayed recall and MMSE.
  • MRI at 1.5 T with manual tracing of hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus, normalized to cerebral vault volume; analyses used Pearson and partial correlations controlling for age and MMSE, with significance at P ≤ 0.05.

Limitations

  • The paper states the sample was relatively small and spanned ages 53–89; it also notes the theoretical possibility that results were influenced by a few individuals in early dementia, though findings were basically unchanged after accounting for age and MMSE.
  • The paper states that empirical evidence for the proposed mechanism remains to be developed and that whether improving glucose tolerance improves memory or hippocampal volumes requires further investigation.
  • Evident from the text: the design is cross-sectional and correlational, so causal direction cannot be established; subjects were not randomly drawn from the general population but represented a typical research clinic population.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.0336073100

Cites

39 of 39 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 34 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data
    § Results

    The delayed paragraph recall score was significantly and specifically correlated with hippocampus volume (r = 0.49, P < 0.01).

    “As expected, the delayed paragraph recall score was significantly and specifically correlated with hippocampus volume (r = 0.49, P < 0.01).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Results

    The association between memory performance and the IVGTT 2-h glucose level was r = −0.62, P ≤ 0.05.

    “Fig. 1 represents the association between memory performance and the IVGTT 2-h glucose level (r = −0.62, P ≤ 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Abstract

    Decreased peripheral glucose regulation was associated with decreased general cognitive performance.

    “Decreased peripheral glucose regulation was associated with decreased general cognitive performance, memory impairments, and atrophy of the hippocampus, a brain area that is key for learning and memory.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Results

    Very similar results were obtained for the partial correlations (after accounting for age and MMSE) between memory and brain variables and the indices of glucose regulation.

    “Very similar results were obtained for the partial correlations (after accounting for age and MMSE) between memory and brain variables and the indices of glucose regulation (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Results

    All three indices of glucose regulation were inversely associated with scores on the Wechsler Paragraph Recall Test.

    “All three indices of glucose regulation were inversely associated with scores on the Wechsler Paragraph Recall Test.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 8
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 22

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Results

    Insulin values were not related to memory, MMSE, age, or any of the brain volumes.

    “We also measured insulin values during the IVGTT. However, insulin values were not related to memory, MMSE, age, or any of the brain volumes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Results

    The association to the hippocampus was anatomically specific, because no significant associations were observed between the glucose indices and the parahippocampal gyrus, the superior temporal gyrus, or the measure of global atrophy.

    “This association to the hippocampus was anatomically specific, because no significant associations (all less than r = −0.25) were observed between the glucose indices and the parahippocampal gyrus, the superior temporal gyrus, or the measure of global atrophy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among nondiabetic, nondemented middle-aged and elderly individuals, poorer glucose tolerance is associated with reduced memory performance and smaller hippocampal volumes.

    “Reduced glucose tolerance is associated with poor memory performance and hippocampal atrophy among normal elderly”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “Decreased peripheral glucose regulation was associated with decreased general cognitive performance, memory impairments, and atrophy of the hippocampus, a brain area that is key for learning and memory.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
      “We found that among normal nondiabetic middle-aged and elderly individuals, those with poorer peripheral glucose regulation were more likely to have lower memory performance and smaller head size-adjusted hippocampal volumes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Results

    The average percent glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) was 5.88 ± 0.74%, which is within the nondiabetic range.

    “The average percent glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) was 5.88 ± 0.74% (range: 4.5–7.00), which is within the nondiabetic range.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Results

    Age was associated with greater cerebral vault-adjusted global brain atrophy (r = 0.48, P < 0.01) and tended to be inversely associated with adjusted hippocampal volumes (r = −0.34, P = 0.07).

    “Age was associated with greater cerebral vault-adjusted global brain atrophy (r = 0.48, P < 0.01) and tended to be inversely associated with adjusted hippocampal volumes (r = −0.34, P = 0.07).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation
    § Abstract

    The hippocampus and other brain volumes were measured by using validated methods on standardized MRIs.

    “The hippocampus and other brain volumes were measured by using validated methods on standardized MRIs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24] Convit A, McHugh P R, Wolf O T, de Leon M J, Bobinski M, De Santi S, Roche A, Tsui W. Psychiatry Res Neuroimag. 1999;90:113–123. doi: 10.1016/s0925-4927(99)00007-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Convit A, de Leon M J, Tarshish C, De Santi S, Tsui W, Rusinek H, George A E. Neurobiol Aging. 1997;18:131–138. doi: 10.1016/s0197-4580(97)00001-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning
    § Methods

    Partial correlation analyses accounted for age and MMSE as potential confounds.

    “Therefore, we used partial correlation analyses to assess the relationships between brain variables (memory and MRI volumes) and the glucose indices after accounting for age and age and MMSE as potential confounds.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    There is a growing literature indicating that individuals with diabetes have impairments in recent memory.

    “There is a growing literature indicating that individuals with diabetes have impairments in recent memory (3–6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [3] Richardson J T E. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1990;14:385–388. doi: 10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80060-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source

      Not checked in the free run.

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      Not checked in the free run.

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      Not checked in the free run.

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      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Cortisol administration causes reductions in hippocampal glucose utilization.

    “and causes reductions in hippocampal glucose utilization (19)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] de Leon M J, McRae T, Rusinek H, Convit A, De Santi S, Tarshish C, Golomb J, Volkow N, Daisley K, Orentreich N, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3251–3259. doi: 10.1210/jcem.82.10.4305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation
    § Methods

    Head size variations across individuals were corrected by using cerebral vault volume.

    “To correct for head size variations across individuals, a cerebral vault volume was obtained by measuring the volume of the compartment bounded by the dura and the tentorium cerebri (24).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Convit A, McHugh P R, Wolf O T, de Leon M J, Bobinski M, De Santi S, Roche A, Tsui W. Psychiatry Res Neuroimag. 1999;90:113–123. doi: 10.1016/s0925-4927(99)00007-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Nondiabetic individuals with mild forms of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) may also have cognitive impairments.

    “In addition, nondiabetic individuals with mild forms of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) may also have cognitive impairments (7, 8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] Vanhanen M, Koivisto K, Karjalainen L, Helkala E L, Laakso M, Soininen H, Riekkinen P., Sr NeuroReport. 1997;8:1527–1530. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199704140-00041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source

      Not checked in the free run.

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      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Animals with abnormal glucose metabolism have more hippocampal damage when exposed to high levels of corticosteroids.

    “which may help explain why animals that have abnormal glucose metabolism have more hippocampal damage when exposed to high levels of corticosteroids (20).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Magarinos A M, McEwen B S. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:11056–11061. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.20.11056. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    The prevalence of memory problems and IGT rise with age.

    “The prevalence of memory problems and IGT rise with age (1, 9, 10).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] Unverzagt F W, Gao S, Baiyewu O, Ogunniyi A O, Gureje O, Perkins A, Emsley C L, Dickens J, Evans R, Musick B, et al. Neurology. 2001;57:1655–1662. doi: 10.1212/wnl.57.9.1655. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source

      Not checked in the free run.

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      Not checked in the free run.

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      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Age-associated reductions in hippocampus volumes have been reported.

    “In addition to the higher prevalence of memory problems and IGT mentioned above, age-associated reductions in hippocampus volumes have also been reported (21).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Convit A, de Leon M J, Hoptman M J, Tarshish C, De Santi S, Rusinek H. Psychiatr Q. 1995;66:343–355. doi: 10.1007/BF02238754. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    The hippocampus is key for recent memory formation.

    “The hippocampus, a brain structure deep in the temporal lobe, is key for recent memory formation (13–15).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
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      Not checked in the free run.

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      Not checked in the free run.

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      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity has been associated with hippocampal atrophy in aging and in Cushing's disease.

    “Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity have been associated with hippocampal atrophy in aging (16) and in Cushing's disease (17).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [16] Lupien S J, de Leon M J, De Santi S, Convit A, Tarshish C, Nair N P V, Thakur M, McEwen B S, Hauger R L, Meaney M J. Nat Neurosci. 1998;1:69–73. doi: 10.1038/271. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source

      Not checked in the free run.

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      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion

    The hippocampus is known to be vulnerable to elevated cortisol levels.

    “Lastly, the hippocampus is known to be vulnerable to elevated cortisol levels, and there are known links between the HPA axis and the regulation of peripheral glucose (37).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Plat L, Byrne M M, Sturis J, Polonsky K S, Mockel J, Fery F, Van Cauter E. Am J Physiol. 1996;271:E36–E42. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1996.270.1.E36. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § Discussion

    The present study is based on a relatively small number of subjects from 53 to 89 years of age.

    “This report is based on a relatively small number of subjects from 53 to 89 years of age.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion

    During a memory test, localized drops in hippocampal glucose levels occur that are proportional to the difficulty of the maze.

    “From animal studies we know that during a memory test (e.g., going through a maze), as the hippocampus is activated, localized drops in hippocampal glucose levels occur that are proportional to the difficulty of the maze (32).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] McNay E C, Fries T M, Gold P E. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:2881–2885. doi: 10.1073/pnas.050583697. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion

    Given the high vulnerability of the hippocampus, these subtle metabolic insults may, in the long run, lead to damage and volume loss.

    “Given the high vulnerability of the hippocampus, these subtle metabolic insults may, in the long run, lead to damage and volume loss.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion

    Memory deficits among elderly with poorer glucose tolerance may be caused by an inability to compensate for the drops in hippocampal glucose levels that occur with activation of those circuits during memory testing.

    “We propose that memory deficits among elderly with poorer glucose tolerance may be caused by an inability to compensate for the drops in hippocampal glucose levels that occur with activation of those circuits during memory testing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion

    The glucose borne by the blood accounts for 99% of the brain energy requirements.

    “The fact that the maintenance of peripheral glucose levels would impact brain function, although not well described among normal elderly prior to this study, is not surprising, given that the glucose borne by the blood accounts for 99% of the brain energy requirements (26).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Sokoloff L. J Neurochem. 1977;29:13–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb03919.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § Discussion

    It is possible that IGT leads to elevations in glucose levels sufficient to worsen the effects of other subtle brain insults by perhaps increasing excitotoxic free radical-induced damage.

    “Although our subjects were not diabetic, it is also possible that the IGT leads to elevations in glucose levels sufficient to worsen the effects of other subtle brain insults by perhaps increasing excitotoxic free radical-induced damage (for a review, see ref. 36).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Biessels G-J, van der Heide L P, Kamal A, Bleys R L, Gispen W H. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002;441:1–14. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01486-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion

    These findings suggest that better lifetime management of blood sugar may improve memory in old age and perhaps even reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

    “These findings also suggest that better lifetime management of blood sugar may improve memory in old age and perhaps even reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion

    There are known links between the HPA axis and the regulation of peripheral glucose.

    “Lastly, the hippocampus is known to be vulnerable to elevated cortisol levels, and there are known links between the HPA axis and the regulation of peripheral glucose (37).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Plat L, Byrne M M, Sturis J, Polonsky K S, Mockel J, Fery F, Van Cauter E. Am J Physiol. 1996;271:E36–E42. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1996.270.1.E36. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion

    The drop in hippocampal glucose levels is deeper and lasts longer among older animals.

    “The drop in hippocampal glucose levels is deeper and lasts longer among older animals, perhaps indicating why older animals have impairments in memory performance (33).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] McNay E C, Gold P E. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:B66–B71. doi: 10.1093/gerona/56.2.b66. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source

      Not checked in the free run.

26 of 26

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It remains to be established whether there are associations between peripheral glucose regulation and memory performance among nondemented middle-aged and elderly individuals.

    “However, it remains to be established whether there are associations between peripheral glucose regulation and memory performance among nondemented middle-aged and elderly individuals.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It is not known whether the hippocampus is affected by IGT.

    “However, it is not known whether the hippocampus is affected by IGT.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Incipient dementia would have a significant impact on memory and brain.

    “Incipient dementia would have a significant impact on memory and brain.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Age has a potential impact on both brain and regulation of peripheral glucose.

    “Therefore, given the potential impact of age on both brain and regulation of peripheral glucose, we accounted for age.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Poor glucose regulation is associated with smaller hippocampal volume and poorer memory function in individuals in their 60's and 70's who have mild cognitive impairment.

    “poor glucose regulation is associated with smaller hippocampal volume and poorer memory function in individuals in their 60’s and 70’s who have “mild cognitive impairment” (mild cognitive impairment) (Convit et al., 2003)”

    From Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators (2008) · cites this paper as Convit et al., 2003

  • Poor glucose regulation is associated with smaller hippocampal volume and poorer memory function in individuals in their 60s and 70s who have mild cognitive impairment.

    “Poor glucose regulation Is associated with smaller hippocampal volume and poorer memory function In Individuals in their 60s and 70s who have “mild cognitive impairment” (MCI),116”

    From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [116]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. M J de Leon, T McRae, H Rusinek, A Convit, S De Santi, C Tarshish, J Golomb, N Volkow, K Daisley, N Orentreich, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82, 3251–3259 (1997).
  2. M P Mattson, P B Gurthrie, S B Kater Prog Clin Biol Res 317, 333–351 (1989).
  3. J Cervos-Navarro, S B Kater Crit Rev Neurobiol 6, 149–182 (1991).
  4. L Plat, M M Byrne, J Sturis, K S Polonsky, J Mockel, F Fery, E Van Cauter Am J Physiol 271, E36–E42 (1996).

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Convit, A., Wolf, O. T., Tarshish, C., & de Leon, M. J.
Affiliations
  • Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (US)
  • Center for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
2003-02-05
Volume
100
Issue
4
Pages
2019-2022
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.0336073100
PMC
PMC149951
OpenAlex
W2117579257
Semantic Scholar
0cf644e9e2806badd82887094a91d830c08e9ef4
Cited by
347
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
FWCI
9.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
  • National Institutes of Health (AG08051)
  • National Institute on Aging (R01-AG17115, P30 AG 08051, R01AG017115, R01AG012101, P30AG008051, R01-AG-12101)
  • National Center for Research Resources (M01 RR 00096, M01RR000096)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords
glucose tolerance, memory performance, hippocampal atrophy, hippocampal volume, aging, brain aging, glucose metabolism, cognitive performance, non-demented elderly
MeSH terms
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Glucose Tolerance Test, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory Disorders, Middle Aged, Reference Values

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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