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Impact of diabetes on coronary artery disease in women and men: a meta-analysis of prospective studies
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Women are at a much lower risk of coronary disease mortality than men are. It is widely believed that diabetes "erases" this female advantage, increasing the risk of heart disease much more in women than in men. In reality, the extent of this increased risk is controversial, with studies showing conflicting results and wide confidence intervals. Clarification of this issue has implications for the pathogenesis of coronary disease, and for public health efforts to reduce coronary disease in women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis to calculate a summary estimate of the relative risk of coronary death among women with diabetes as compared to those without. For comparison, we also calculated the analogous risk among men. All prospective cohort studies containing both men and women, and both patients with and without diabetes, were examined. Sixteen studies were identified; 10 had sufficient data for statistical analysis. RESULTS: After combining studies that adjusted for other cardiac risk factors, the relative risk of coronary death from diabetes was 2.58 (95% CI 2.05-3.26) for women and 1.85 (1.47-2.33) for men. This difference is statistically significant (P = 0.045). Other sensitivity analyses did not change these estimates appreciably. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of diabetes on the risk of coronary death is significantly greater for women than men. Further research is required to explain this clinically meaningful difference between the sexes.
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“T2DM is associated with a two-fold higher risk of CAD and ischaemic stroke”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (2018) · cites this paper as [141]
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“and a two-to four-fold higher CAD-and stroke-related mortality.139 -141”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: A position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (2018) · cites this paper as [141]
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Kalin MF, Zumoff B: Sex hormones and coronary disease: a review of the clinical studies. Steroids 55:330-352, 1990
- Greenland S: Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature. Epi- demiol Rev 9:1-30, 1987
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ResultA comprehensive view of sex-specific issues related to cardiovascular disease
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Thiazolidinediones and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Patients With Diabetes
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“Further, a recent meta-analysis of 16 prospective cohort studies containing both men and women with and without diabetes found that, after adjusting for other cardiac risk factors, the relative risk of coronary death from diabetes was 2.58 (95% confidence interval, 2.05 to 3.26) for women and 1.85 (1.47 to 2.33) for m…”
BackgroundInfluentialHecking, M., Bieber, B. A., Ethier, J. H., Kautzky‐Willer, A., Sunder–Plassmann, G., Säemann, M. D., Ramirez, S. P. B., Gillespie, B. W., Pisoni, R. L., Robinson, B. M., et al. (2014) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001750 · Cited by 285
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ResultAbdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
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Gender medicine: a task for the third millennium
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“women than among men [ 22 ].”
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“The majority of studies have shown that the relative risk of CHD associated with diabetes is far greater in women than in men [1, 2 ], resulting in comparable or smaller sex differences in absolute CHD risk in diabetic patients [3, 5–7].”
BackgroundInfluentialLawlor, D. A., Smith, G. D., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Thompson, C., & Sattar, N. A. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0825 · Cited by 219
“The relative effects of diabetes and hyperglycemia on CHD are greater in women compared with men (18).”
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Increased Mortality Risk in Women With Depression and Diabetes Mellitus
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“This finding is consistent with most previous publications summarized in 2 meta-analyses.(36,37) In addition, we found that the risk of all-cause and CVD death was approximately 40% higher in women with depression compared with individuals without depression, which is consistent with findings of other investigators(3,…”
Effect of Age, Gender, and Diabetes on Excess Death in End-Stage Renal Failure
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The Possible Role of Flavonoids in the Prevention of Diabetic Complications
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“Diabetes mellitus is widely known to increase the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease [82,83].”
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Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Men and Women
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“Second, our findings on sex differences in incident CHD follow the trend emerging from recent meta-analyses of prospective studies showing that the impact of diabetes on both CHD (7) and fatal CHD (8) is greater in women than men.”
ResultPrediabetes and associated disorders
Buysschaert, M., Medina, J. L., Bergman, M., Shah, A., & Lonier, J. (2014) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0436-2 · Cited by 164
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“Furthermore, the relative risks of CHD associated with diabetes are greater in women than men [16, 17], and since the metabolic syndrome is considered to be a precursor of type 2 diabetes one might expect stronger associations of the metabolic syndrome with CHD in women compared to men.”
BackgroundThe metabolic syndrome in women
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DeMarco, V. G., Habibi, J., Jia, G., Aroor, A. R., Ramirez‐Perez, F. I., Martinez‐Lemus, L. A., Bender, S. B., Garro, M., Hayden, M. R., Sun, Z., et al. (2015) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05674 · Cited by 151
“99 In the setting of obesity and diabetes mellitus, women exhibit significant cardiovascular disease (CVD) more frequently and with higher severity than diabetic men.(1,2) This is in contrast to lean nondiabetic premenopausal women that have lower incidences of CVD relative to similar men.”
NHG-Standaard Diabetes mellitus type 2
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“evidence indicates that diabetes is associated with 2–4 times increased risk of CHD mortality compared with patients without diabetes [3,22].”
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Rivellese, A. A., Riccardi, G., & Vaccaro, O. (2010) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.01.008 · Cited by 125
If you build it, will they come?
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Latin American guidelines on hypertension*
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“Two previous meta-analyses found that diabetes is a stronger risk factor for CVD mortality in females than in males; however, studies that did not adjust for major CVD risk factors were included in these meta-analyses (18,19).”
ResultDiabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: an Update
Almourani, R., Chinnakotla, B., Patel, R., Kurukulasuriya, L. R., & Sowers, J. (2019) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1239-x · Cited by 114
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“It is accepted meanwhile that participants with diabetes mellitus are at high risk of developing CVD and that CVD accounts for a large proportion of the excess mortality related to diabetes mellitus [37].”
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“Previous studies have shown that the effect of diabetes on the risk of coronary disease is significantly greater for women than men (Lee et al., 2000).”
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“As more than 65% of deaths in patients with diabetes are from cardiovascular causes [1–3], primary CHD prevention in diabetes should be taken in addition to a glucocentric approach.”
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“These findings, based on over 20,000 women with incident coronary heart disease and 7,000 with incident stroke, are in line with those from a meta-analysis of prospective studies [1], other smaller prospective studies”
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“Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus are clearly associated with increased CVD risk [66-68].”
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“[73] Death rates for women aged 25-44 years with diabetes are more than 3 times the rate for women without diabetes.”
Transendothelial transport of lipoproteins
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“Compared with the general population, people with diabetes,[10] particularly women, are 2-4 times more likely to die from cardiovascular diseases caused by diabetes.[11,12]”
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DIABETES MELLITUS AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE
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“Obesity is associated with diabetic retinopathy in older patients with male-female differences [32-34].”
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“CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in obese, insulin-resistant, type 2 diabetic individuals (29, 40, 61).”
BackgroundRole of Fibric Acid Derivatives in the Management of Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease
Després, J., Lemieux, I., & Robins, S. J. (2004) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200464190-00003 · Cited by 76
Scaling Up Chronic Disease Prevention Interventions in Lower- and Middle-Income Countries
Gaziano, T. A., & Pagidipati, N. J. (2013) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114402 · Cited by 79
“6 times more likely to die of coronary disease than are their counterparts without diabetes (52).”
BackgroundImpact of diabetes on mortality in peripheral artery disease: a meta‐analysis
Vrsalović, M., Vučur, K., Presečki, A. V., Fabijanić, D., & Milošević, M. (2016) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.22657 · Cited by 73
“These findings are in line with previously published meta-analysis on the prognostic role of diabetes in ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease.(27,28) Further prospective studies are needed to evaluate the prognostic role of diabetes in the whole spectrum of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with peri…”
ResultJaddou, H. Y., Batieha, A. M., Khader, Y. S., Kanaan, A., El-Khateeb, M. S., & Ajlouni, K. M. (2011) · International Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.4061/2011/828797 · Cited by 73
“However, meta-analysis studies [37, 38] indicate that the odds of CHD mortality were significantly higher among diabetic women, as compared with diabetic men.”
Bird, C. E., Fremont, A. M., Bierman, A. S., Wickstrom, S. L., Shah, M., Rector, T. S., Horstman, T., & Escarce, J. J. (2007) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2007.03.001 · Cited by 70
Dale, A. C., Nilsen, T. I. L., Vatten, L. J., Midthjell, K., & Wiseth, R. (2007) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm447 · Cited by 67
Mika Kivimaki, B., Smith, G. D., Timpson, N. J., Lawlor, D. A., Batty, G. D., Kähönen, M. A. P., Juonala, M., Rönnemaa, T., Viikari, J. S. A., Lehtimäki, T. J., et al. (2008) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn252 · Cited by 67
Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
Papakonstantinou, E., Lambadiari, V., Dimitriadis, G., & Zampelas, A. (2014) · Current Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/15701611113116660176 · Cited by 67
Heppner, K. M., & Tong, J. (2014) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0183 · Cited by 68
CHOI, S. E., Liu, M., Palaniappan, L. P., Wang, E. J., & Wong, N. D. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.01.002 · Cited by 72
Watanabe, M., Kokubo, Y., Higashiyama, A., Ono, Y., Miyamoto, Y., & Okamura, T. (2011) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.02.033 · Cited by 65
Risk of Acute Complications of Diabetes Among People With Schizophrenia in Ontario, Canada
Becker, T., & Hux, J. E. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1139 · Cited by 64
“The prevalence of coronary artery disease is 2 to 3 times greater in people with DM, compared to individuals without DM (34, 35).”
BackgroundWalker, J. J., Colhoun, H. M., Livingstone, S. J., McCrimmon, R. J., Petrie, J. R., Sattar, N. A., & Wild, S. H. (2017) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4478-x · Cited by 60
“A major contributor to premature death in people with diabetes is CHD, and previous work suggests that diabetes is a more influential risk factor for coronary death in women than in men [30].”
BackgroundExpanding the definition of a positive family history for early-onset coronary heart disease
Scheuner, M. T., Whitworth, W. C., McGruder, H. F., et al. (2006) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.gim.0000232582.91028.03 · Cited by 62
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“” There is widespread acceptance that diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease [2,32-34], but there have been varying estimates of absolute risk [3].”
BackgroundDasgupta, K., Joseph, L., Pilote, L., Strachan, I. B., Sigal, R. J., & Chan, C. (2010) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/1475-2840-9-81 · Cited by 59
“Diabetes patients have a two to four-fold increased risk for cardiovascular disease compared to the general population [1-3].”
BackgroundSharrett, A. R., Coady, S., Folsom, A. R., Couper, D. J., & HEISS, G. M. (2003) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.09.015 · Cited by 58
“For diabetes, stronger associations for women than men have been confirmed by meta-analysis [24].”
BackgroundSex Differences in the Effects of Type 2 Diabetes on Exercise Performance
Regensteiner, J. G., Bauer, T. A., Huebschmann, A. G., Herlache, L., Weinberger, H. D., Wolfel, E. E., & Reusch, J. E. B. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000371 · Cited by 57
“mortality than that in men with diabetes, and most but not all previous data suggest that women with T2D have a more pronounced exercise impairment than that of men with T2D (5,7,16,22,24,33).”
Mannsverk, J., Wilsgaard, T., Njølstad, I., Hopstock, L. A., Løchen, M., Mathiesen, E. B., Thelle, D. S., Rasmussen, K., & Bønaa, K. H. (2011) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/1741826711421081 · Cited by 55
Current diagnostic concepts to detect coronary artery disease in women
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Cardiovascular Risk Stratification and Management in Pre-Diabetes
Færch, K., Vistisen, D., Johansen, N. B., & Jørgensen, M. E. (2014) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-014-0493-1 · Cited by 60
Braffett, B. H., Bebu, I., ghormli, L. K. E., Cowie, C. C., Sivitz, W. I., Pop‐Busui, R., Larkin, M., Gubitosi‐Klug, R., Nathan, D. M., Lachin, J. M., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.30710 · Cited by 53
Kokubo, Y., Okamura, T., Watanabe, M., Higashiyama, A., Ono, Y., Miyamoto, Y., Furukawa, Y., Kamide, K., Kawanishi, K., Okayama, A., et al. (2010) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2010.174 · Cited by 52
Diabetes care and health status of First Nations individuals with type 2 diabetes in Alberta.
Oster, R. T., Virani, S., Strong, D. R., et al. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 50
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, W. L., Cheung, A. M., Cape, D., & Zinman, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2000-07-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 962-968
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W1992229080
- Cited by
- 442
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (44917)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease mortality, sex differences, women, men, cardiovascular risk, relative risk
- MeSH terms
- Coronary Disease, Diabetic Angiopathies, Female, Humans, Male, Risk, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics
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