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IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP
Open accessAbstract
The IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon calibration curves have been revised utilizing newly available and updated data sets from 14 C measurements on tree rings, plant macrofossils, speleothems, corals, and foraminifera. The calibration curves were derived from the data using the random walk model (RWM) used to generate IntCal09 and Marine09, which has been revised to account for additional uncertainties and error structures. The new curves were ratified at the 21st International Radiocarbon conference in July 2012 and are available as Supplemental Material at www.radiocarbon.org. The database can be accessed at http://intcal.qub.ac.uk/intcal13/.
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“For example, S1 Fig displays the radiocarbon calibration curve of a synthetic radiocarbon age of 2485±25 Before Present (BP), which corresponds (by reverse calibration) to ca. 586 calibrated BC (calBC). The 95.4% confidence interval of the calibrated age spans over more than 250 years (771–517 calBC) and the 68.2% confidence intervals range over 216 years (756–545 calBC) [38, 39].”
From The Earth’s magnetic field in Jerusalem during the Babylonian destruction: A unique reference for field behavior and an anchor for archaeomagnetic dating (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“From a chronological viewpoint the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE took place in the middle of a period characterized by a plateau in the radiocarbon calibration curve [38], posing difficulty in obtaining uncertainty of less than 200 years in standard radiocarbon dating.”
From The Earth’s magnetic field in Jerusalem during the Babylonian destruction: A unique reference for field behavior and an anchor for archaeomagnetic dating (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“We therefore regard the placement shown in Fig. 1b as robust within about 1 year, pending revision of this whole period of the IntCal dataset (we note that this portion of IntCal20 remains largely based on legacy data from IntCal1327, and before).”
From Radiocarbon offsets and old world chronology as relevant to Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia and Thera (Santorini) (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, at times when the positive Mediterranean growing season offset might be anticipated as possibly relevant, such as a major reversal and plateau in the 14C calibration curve ~1610 to 1530 BCE (4), the relevant information likely does not come from BCP or IrO or the current IntCal.”
From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hence, a single NH 14C calibration curve (IntCal), constructed mainly from known-age wood from central and northern Europe and North America, has become the basis for calendar dates for pre- and protohistory and for other work requiring an accurate absolute time scale (1–4).”
From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“We would therefore have anticipated that the AA data on BCP and IrO (13) should be similar to the IntCal datasets (1–4) and the Hd GeO data (38), given the good agreement in other recent work between GeO and BCP (40–42) and between GeO and IrO (1–4).”
From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In the younger part of the sequence (down to about 28 kvyr BP in the varve chronology) the offsets were expected and are similar to those seen for IntCal13 (Reimer et al. 2013).”
From Reanalysis of the Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration Record from Lake Suigetsu, Japan (2020) · cites this paper as Reimer et al. 2013
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In the citing paper
“The radiocarbon dates were calibrated with the IntCal13 curve (39, 40) using OxCal software (v.4.2).”
From A high-precision chronological model for the decorated Upper Paleolithic cave of Chauvet-Pont d’Arc, Ardèche, France (2016) · cites this paper as [39]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“we considered the Model 7b data via a least squares analysis versus IntCal13 [61] achieving a best fit only 6 years different (older).”
From Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology (2016) · cites this paper as [61]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As the most recent radiocarbon calibration curve only extends back to 50 ka (Reimer et al., 2013), and accurate dating and calibration of radiocarbon samples becomes increasingly difficult as one nears this point (Gillespie, 1998;Price et al., 2011), disparities between Wallacean dates and neighboring Sunda and Sahul dates could potentially reflect an artifact of different dating techniques.”
From Least-cost pathway models indicate northern human dispersal from Sunda to Sahul (2018) · cites this paper as Reimer et al., 2013
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“Of these two sites, To e Cave records the oldest occupation at 29.6e30.7 ka cal BP (25940 ± 180 OZG-063; Pasveer, 2004) calibrated here using OxCal 4.3 (Ramsey, 2009) and the IntCal13 calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2013).”
From Least-cost pathway models indicate northern human dispersal from Sunda to Sahul (2018) · cites this paper as Reimer et al., 2013
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“After removing the 3 data more than 3σ from the mean IntCal13 values, a re-run was only 4 years different (older) than Model 8a”
From Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology (2016) · cites this paper as [61]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Much of the calibration curve record up until IntCal20 derives from laboratories using LLGPC or LSS1,10,11,27,32, and, except for the period ~ 1,700 to 1,500 BCE, most of the second to early first millennia BCE still does1.”
From Radiocarbon offsets and old world chronology as relevant to Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia and Thera (Santorini) (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“many AMS 14C measurement series do not exhibit such an unexpected older offset versus comparable samples measured by LLGPC (4, 40–42)”
From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The oldest of these, Fatiba Cave (SOM Fig. S1), records earliest occupation at 16.2e17.2ka cal BP (14200 ± 150 ANU-10502; Tanudirjo, 2001), calibrated here using OxCal 4.3.2(Ramsey, 2009) and the Marine 13 calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2013).”
From Least-cost pathway models indicate northern human dispersal from Sunda to Sahul (2018) · cites this paper as Reimer et al., 2013
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Metadata
- Authors
- Reimer, P. J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Ramsey, C. B., Buck, C. E., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton, T. J., Hoffmann, D. L., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kaiser, K. F., Kromer, B., Manning, S. W., Niu, M., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Scott, E. M., Southon, J. R., Staff, R. A., Turney, C. S. M., & van der Plicht, J.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- English Heritage (GB)
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Hohenheim (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (US)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (ES)
- University of Waikato (NZ)
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (US)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (DE)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reimer, Paula J
- ORCID
- Venue
- Radiocarbon
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1869-1887
- ISSN
- 0033-8222 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-5755
- OpenAlex
- W2146687568
- Semantic Scholar
- a765ee092121aadc1ecc0c36a3240f9e9ea178e8
- Cited by
- 14,591
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 95 · 2025: 156 · 2024: 213 · 2023: 318 · 2022: 468 · 2021: 1009 · 2020: 1711 · 2019: 1533 · 2018: 1449 · 2017: 1538 · 2016: 1306 · 2015: 1256 · 2014: 1122 · 2013: 972
- FWCI
- 539.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Radiocarbon (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Commons (University of Waikato) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- DORA WSL (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research) (submittedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Past Global Changes
- Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/E019129/1, NRCF010002, NE/E018807/1, NE/F004400/1, NE/I01666X/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Tree-ring climate responses
- Keywords
- radiocarbon calibration, calibration curve, tree rings, plant macrofossils, speleothems, coral, foraminifera, random walks, calibration uncertainty, radiocarbon dating
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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