IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0–50,000 years cal BP
Open accessAbstract
The IntCal04 and Marine04 radiocarbon calibration curves have been updated from 12 cal kBP (cal kBP is here defined as thousands of calibrated years before AD 1950), and extended to 50 cal kBP, utilizing newly available data sets that meet the IntCal Working Group criteria for pristine corals and other carbonates and for quantification of uncertainty in both the 14 C and calendar timescales as established in 2002. No change was made to the curves from 0–12 cal kBP. The curves were constructed using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) implementation of the random walk model used for IntCal04 and Marine04. The new curves were ratified at the 20th International Radiocarbon Conference in June 2009 and are available in the Supplemental Material at www.radiocarbon.org.
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Much available marine data, including U-Th dated corals, share the offset pattern seen here, despite scatter from diagenesis.
“However, it is clear that much of the available marine data, including the U-Th dated corals, share the pattern seen here, even though there is some scatter due to diagenesis.This is evident in the placement of the IntCal09 (Reimer et al. 2009) curve relative to IntCal13.”
From Reanalysis of the Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration Record from Lake Suigetsu, Japan (2020) · cites this paper as Reimer et al. 2009
The Introduction and IntCal09 Curve Construction sections say that IntCal09 incorporates marine records, including independently dated corals, and the Data Set Selection Criteria section discusses screening corals for diagenesis. The paper presents the IntCal09 curve, but it does not compare its placement with IntCal13 or establish that the marine data share the citing paper’s observed pattern. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the Early Bronze Age, production rates of 14C fluctuated, resulting in several plateaus and wiggles in the calibration curve.
“In the Early Bronze Age, production rates of 14 C fluctuated, resulting in several plateaus and wiggles in the calibration curve (Reimer et al. 2004(Reimer et al. , 2009)).”
From Chronology of the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant: New Analysis for a High Chronology (2012) · cites this paper as Reimer et al. 2009
The Introduction (page not provided) says atmospheric ¹⁴C varied in the past, and “The IntCal09 Curve” says the curve covers the Early Bronze Age by incorporating IntCal04 data for 0–12,000 cal BP. The passages do not establish that production-rate fluctuations specifically caused several plateaus and wiggles during the Early Bronze Age. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA single Northern Hemisphere 14C calibration curve (IntCal), constructed mainly from known-age wood from central and northern Europe and North America, has become the basis for calendar dates for pre- and protohistory and for other work requiring an accurate absolute time scale.
“Hence, a single NH 14C calibration curve (IntCal), constructed mainly from known-age wood from central and northern Europe and North America, has become the basis for calendar dates for pre- and protohistory and for other work requiring an accurate absolute time scale (1–4).”
From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWe would have anticipated that the AA data on BCP and IrO should be similar to the IntCal datasets and the Hd GeO data, given the good agreement in other recent work between GeO and BCP and between GeO and IrO.
“We would therefore have anticipated that the AA data on BCP and IrO (13) should be similar to the IntCal datasets (1–4) and the Hd GeO data (38), given the good agreement in other recent work between GeO and BCP (40–42) and between GeO and IrO (1–4).”
From Mediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
The Additional information section (page not available) identifies the tree-ring data sets used for IntCal09, including German and Irish oak chronologies, so this paper supports the reference to IntCal datasets. Neither that section nor the other passages located reports good agreement between GeO and IrO measurements; that comparison is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHeidelberg Radiocarbon Laboratory measurements on known-age German oak compare very closely with the IntCal09 calibration curve in both an AD and BC period test.
“A comparison of Heidelberg Radiocarbon Laboratory measurements on known-age German oak shows that they compare very closely with the IntCal09 calibration curve in both an AD and BC period test: Figures 123.”
From Considerations of the Scale of Radiocarbon Offsets in the East Mediterranean, and Considering a Case for the Latest (Most Recent) Likely Date for the Santorini Eruption (2012) · cites this paper as Reimer et al. 2009
The References list identifies a Heidelberg-associated data set of German oak and pine tree rings (lab code Hd), and the Tree-Ring Data Sets section discusses the data used for IntCal09. Our copy does not report a close comparison between Heidelberg German-oak measurements and the curve in AD and BC period tests. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In order for 14C measurements to be converted to calendrical dates, they need to be compared with a calibration curve.
“in order for 14 C measurements to be converted to calendrical dates, they need to be compared with a reference dataset known as a calibration curve (see Bronk Ramsey 2006; Reimer et al. 2009).”
From Radiocarbon dating and the Naqada relative chronology (2014) · cites this paper as Reimer et al. 2009
Calibration and modelling were undertaken using OxCal 4.1 with resolution = 1 and the INTCAL09 calibration curve.
“Calibration and modelling was undertaken using the OxCal 4.1 software with resolution = 1 and the INTCAL09 calibration curve.”
From Radiocarbon Evidence for New Kingdom Tombs: Sedment 254 and 246 (2013) · cites this paper as REIMER et al. 2009
Extensive studies by Manning et al. (2010) and Manning and Kromer (2011, 2012) found a weighted average offset with respect to the IntCal09 calibration of (0.75 ± 1.73) 14C yr, i.e. essentially zero, for the Aegean-Anatolian-east Mediterranean region.
“On more general ground, extensive studies were performed by Manning et al. (2010) and Manning andKromer (2011, 2012) on possible 14 C offsets in the Aegian-Anatolean-east Mediterranean region, finding a weighted average offset with respect to the IntCal09 calibration (Reimer et al. 2009) of (0.75 ± 1.73) 14 C yr, i.e. essentially zero.”
From The Chronology of Tell El-Daba: A Crucial Meeting Point of<sup>14</sup>C Dating, Archaeology, and Egyptology in the 2nd Millennium BC (2012) · cites this paper as Reimer et al. 2009
Despite extensive efforts to establish global starting conditions for the time range of 14C dating, there sometimes remains the question of possible deviations from the calibration curve by regional effects.
“Despite extensive efforts to establish global starting conditions for the time range of 14 C dating (Reimer et al. 2009), there sometimes remains the question of possible deviations from the calibration curve by regional effects.”
From The Chronology of Tell El-Daba: A Crucial Meeting Point of<sup>14</sup>C Dating, Archaeology, and Egyptology in the 2nd Millennium BC (2012) · cites this paper as Reimer et al. 2009
Calibrated ages in calendar years have been obtained from the calibration tables of Reimer et al. (2009) using OxCal v. 4.1.7.
“Calibrated ages in calendar years have been obtained from the calibration tables of Reimer et al. (2009) using OxCal v. 4.1.7 (Bronk Ramsey 2010).”
From Absolute Chronology of Megiddo, Israel, in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages: High-Resolution Radiocarbon Dating (2014) · cites this paper as Reimer et al. (2009)
The Egyptian offset does not apply elsewhere in the east Mediterranean (excluding the southern Levant), where the typical main growing season is spring to summer and at most only slightly offset from the standard mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere growing season.
“It logically does not apply elsewhere in the east Mediterranean (excluding the southern Levant, where there is more of an offset in growing seasons, and so there may be more of a 14 C offset; this is a topic that needs a separate investigation: project in progress), where the typical main growing season is spring to summer and at most only slightly offset from the standard mid-latitude Northern”
From Considerations of the Scale of Radiocarbon Offsets in the East Mediterranean, and Considering a Case for the Latest (Most Recent) Likely Date for the Santorini Eruption (2012) · cites this paper as Reimer et al. 2009
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Further constraints on the Chauvet cave artwork elaboration
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Radiocarbon Dating to a Single Year by Means of Rapid Atmospheric <sup>14</sup>C Changes
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Reanalysis of the Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration Record from Lake Suigetsu, Japan
Bronk Ramsey, C., Heaton, T. J., Schlolaut, G., Staff, R. A., Bryant, C. L., Brauer, A., Lamb, H. F., Marshall, M. H., & Nakagawa, T. (2020) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/rdc.2020.18 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationBard, E., Ménot, G., Rostek, F., Licari, L., Böning, P., Edwards, R. L., Cheng, H., Wang, Y., & Heaton, T. J. (2013) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.17114 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationPronounced interannual variability in tropical South Pacific temperatures during Heinrich Stadial 1
Felis, T., Merkel, U., Asami, R., Deschamps, P., Hathorne, E. C., Kölling, M., Bard, E., Cabioch, G., Durand, N., Prange, M., et al. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1973 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Modeling speleothem δ13C variability in a central Sierra Nevada cave using 14C and 87Sr/86Sr
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Kutschera, W., Bietak, M., Wild, E. M., Ramsey, C. B., Dee, M., Golser, R., Kopetzky, K., Stadler, P., Steier, P., Thanheiser, U., et al. (2012) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200047172 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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Self-citationUpdated Cariaco Basin<sup>14</sup>C Calibration Dataset from 0–60 cal kyr BP
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Self-citationSoil organic carbon and nitrogen accumulation rates in cold and alpine environments over 1Ma
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Self-citationThe Date of the Minoan Santorini Eruption: Quantifying the “Offset”
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Self-citationMediterranean radiocarbon offsets and calendar dates for prehistory
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Self-citationComparison of <sup>14</sup>C and U-Th Ages in Corals from IODP #310 Cores Offshore Tahiti
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The Hakaea Beach site, Marquesan colonisation, and models of East Polynesian settlement
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Chronogeographic Variation in Initial East Polynesian Construction of Monumental Ceremonial Sites
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Self-citationSecond Radiocarbon Intercomparison Program for the Chauvetpont d'Arc Cave, Ardèche, France
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Self-citationRadiocarbon dating and the Naqada relative chronology
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Does peatland drainage damage the palaeoecological record?
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Radiocarbon Evidence for New Kingdom Tombs: Sedment 254 and 246
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“Using the IntCal09 calibration curve [93] and OxCal [72,90], this model yielded younger age ranges for the accession year of Ahmose: 1557–1537 BCE (1 σ ) and 1564–1528 BCE (2 σ ) [92].”
- Authors
- Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M. G. L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C. E., Burr, G. S., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Hajdas, I., Heaton, T. J., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kaiser, K. F., Kromer, B., McCormac, F. G., Manning, S. W., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Southon, J. R., Talamo, S., Turney, C. S. M., van der Plicht, J., & Weyhenmeyer, C. E.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- English Heritage (GB)
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Hohenheim (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (US)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- University of Waikato (NZ)
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (US)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (DE)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Syracuse University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Radiocarbon
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1111-1150
- ISSN
- 0033-8222 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-5755
- OpenAlex
- W4211135859
- Semantic Scholar
- 2f3b85c9f6af9db11a62ad762ff07497035aa222
- Cited by
- 4,290
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 165 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 139 · 2017: 179 · 2016: 202 · 2015: 346 · 2014: 658 · 2013: 884 · 2012: 738
- FWCI
- 351.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Radiocarbon (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL AMU (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Open Access Server of the Woods Hole Scientific Community (Woods Hole Scientific Community) (submittedVersion)
- DORA WSL (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research) (submittedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Research Commons (University of Waikato) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Past Global Changes
- Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/E018807/1, NE/E019129/1, NE/I01666X/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Tree-ring climate responses
- Keywords
- radiocarbon calibration, calibration curve, carbon-14, random walks, Markov chain Monte Carlo, calibration uncertainty
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