The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Risk factors for development of neurologic disease after experimental exposure to equine herpesvirus-1 in horses.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with development of clinical neurologic signs in horses exposed to equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). ANIMALS: 36 adult horses. PROCEDURES: Blood samples collected before and after challenge inoculation with nonneuropathogenic or neuropathogenic EHV-1 were analyzed for leukocyte-associated viremia, serum neutralizing antibody, and EHV-1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors (CTLPs). Associations between variables and neurologic disease and correlations between age category or breed and development of neurologic disease were examined. RESULTS: 9 horses developed CNS signs (ataxia, hind limb paresis or paralysis, bladder atony, or recumbency). Neurologic deficits were correlated with infection by a neuropathogenic strain of EHV-1, age>20 years, high postexposure viremic load, and low preexposure concentration of CTLPs. No significant correlations were observed between preinfection titers or horse breed and postinfection development of neurologic signs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Horses with high concentrations of preexisting CTLPs, regardless of age, strain of virus, or titer, were more likely to control the magnitude of postinfection leukocyte-associated viremia and subsequent development of neurologic disease; therefore, CTLPs appear to be a critical requirement for protective immunity against EHV-1-induced myeloencephalopathy. The importance of achieving immunity related to high concentrations of vaccine-induced CTLPs in horses at high risk for exposure to neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 is indicated.
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“Several risks factors, including the age (elder), breed (Standardbred), gender (female), season (late autumn, winter, spring), and type of EHV-1 strain (neurovirulent) have been associated with an increased risk to develop EHM (Goehring et al., 2006; Henninger et al., 2007; Allen, 2008; Perkins et al., 2009; Pusterla et al., 2016).”
From The Pathogenesis and Immune Evasive Mechanisms of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (2021) · cites this paper as Allen, 2008
Citations
Cites
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Outbreak of neurologic disease caused by equine Herpesvirus-1 at a University Equestrian Center.
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Kydd, J. H., Case, R., Minke, J. M. H. M., Audonnet, J.-C., Wagner, B., & Antczak, D. F. (2014) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.065888-0 · Cited by 3
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“It may cause respiratory disease, sporadic or epizootic abortions, or, recently more often, neurological disease known as equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM), which may be life-threatening and results in significant economic losses to the equine industry (1, 13, 15, 18, 19).”
BackgroundThe Immune System of the Older Horse
Adams, A. A., & Horohov, D. W. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119086512.ch03 · Cited by 1
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T Cell Responses in Horses: Immunosenescence
Adams, A. A., & Horohov, D. W. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_83
Dunuwille, S. W. (2019) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2019.388
“including age, physical condition, immune status and whether the infection is a primary exposure [48; 50].”
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Samoilowa, S. (2019) · Elektronische Hochschulschriften der LMU München (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.24696
T-Cell Responses in Horses: Immunosenescence
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“In Übereinstimmung mit der Beobachtung von Allen [22] und im Gegensatz zu der Analyse von Traub-Dargatz et al. [42] war in diesem Fall das Risiko, eine EHM zu entwickeln, bei Pferden unter fünf Jahren signifikant gerin - ger als bei älteren Pferden.”
InfluentialMusoles-Cuenca, B., de la Cuesta‐Torrado, M., Álvarez, A. V., Vitale, V., Lorenzo-Bermejo, T., Ballester, B., Rubio‐Guerri, C., Álvarez, L., & Maiques, E. (2026) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2026.111127
Deniz, Ö., Ekinci, G., Çitil, M., Onmaz, A. C., Derelli, F. M., Timur, M. C., Altınbay, K., Mete, A., Yeğen, E., van den HOVEN, R., et al. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16162455
“EHV-1 viremia is generally transient, and the amount of viral DNA detected in peripheral blood may vary according to the timing of infection and sampling [28].”
Equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy incidence and case fatality rates in the USA
Picado, A., Mundt, A., Tore, G., Diawara, A., Warnken, T., & Kortekaas, J. (2026) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1093/jvimsj/aalag271
Metadata
- Authors
- Allen, G. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Allen, George P.
- ORCID
- Allen, George P.
- Venue
- American Journal of Veterinary Research
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1595-1600
- ISSN
- 0002-9645 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2077063970
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Veterinary Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Herpesvirus Infections and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Equine › Veterinary Equine Medical Research
- Keywords
- equine herpesvirus 1, horses, risk factors, cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors, myeloencephalopathy, age, vaccine-induced immunity, neutralizing antibodies, challenge inoculation
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Herpesvirus 1, Equid, Female, Horse Diseases, Horses, Nervous System Diseases, Risk Factors, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, Viremia
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