Cited by 135Herpesvirus Infections and TreatmentsAnimal Virus Infections StudiesVeterinary Equine Medical Research

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Risk factors for development of neurologic disease after experimental exposure to equine herpesvirus-1 in horses.

Allen, George P.·2008·American Journal of Veterinary Research

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with development of clinical neurologic signs in horses exposed to equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). ANIMALS: 36 adult horses. PROCEDURES: Blood samples collected before and after challenge inoculation with nonneuropathogenic or neuropathogenic EHV-1 were analyzed for leukocyte-associated viremia, serum neutralizing antibody, and EHV-1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors (CTLPs). Associations between variables and neurologic disease and correlations between age category or breed and development of neurologic disease were examined. RESULTS: 9 horses developed CNS signs (ataxia, hind limb paresis or paralysis, bladder atony, or recumbency). Neurologic deficits were correlated with infection by a neuropathogenic strain of EHV-1, age>20 years, high postexposure viremic load, and low preexposure concentration of CTLPs. No significant correlations were observed between preinfection titers or horse breed and postinfection development of neurologic signs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Horses with high concentrations of preexisting CTLPs, regardless of age, strain of virus, or titer, were more likely to control the magnitude of postinfection leukocyte-associated viremia and subsequent development of neurologic disease; therefore, CTLPs appear to be a critical requirement for protective immunity against EHV-1-induced myeloencephalopathy. The importance of achieving immunity related to high concentrations of vaccine-induced CTLPs in horses at high risk for exposure to neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 is indicated.

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Background
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Background
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Background
Investigation of the role of mules as silent shedders of EHV‐1 during an outbreak of EHV‐1 myeloencephalopathy in California
Pusterla, N., Mapes, S. M., Wademan, C., White, A., Estell, K. E., & Swain, E. (2012) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.100598 · Cited by 24
“It has been proposed that the magnitude of cell-associated viremia is an important factor for the development of EHM because infection with the DNApol D752 neuropathogenic strain leads to a higher magnitude and duration of viremia (Goodman and others 2007, Allen 2008).”
Background
Diseases of the Nervous System
MacKay, R., Middleton, J., & Aleman, M. (2020) · Large Animal Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-55445-9.00035-5
Identification of Host Factors Associated with the Development of Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy by Transcriptomic Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Horses
Zarski, L. M., Giessler, K. S., Jacob, S. I., Weber, P. S. D., McCauley, A. G., Lee, Y., & Hussey, G. S. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13030356 · Cited by 22
“It has been well established that aged female horses are significantly more likely to develop EHM during acute EHV-1 infection, and we also observed this in our study where all aged (but only one young) horses developed EHM, all of which were female [13,19,29].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Plasma D-Dimer Concentrations during Experimental EHV-1 Infection of Horses
Goehring, L. S., Hussey, G. S., Diez, M. G., Benedict, K. M., Maxwell, L. K., Morley, P. S., van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M. M. S., & Lunn, D. P. (2013) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.12203 · Cited by 20
Immune Dysfunction in Aged Horses
McFarlane, D. (2016) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Equine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2016.04.009 · Cited by 19
Outbreak of equid herpesvirus 1 abortions at the Arabian stud in Poland
Stasiak, K., Dunowska, M., & Rola, J. (2020) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-020-02586-y · Cited by 19
Relationship between equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and abortion or equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in domesticated horses: A systematic review
Hussey, G. S., Dorman, D. C., Burgess, B. A., Goehring, L. S., Gross, M., Neinast, C., Osterrieder, N., Pusterla, N., & Lunn, D. P. (2023) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.16948 · Cited by 19
“Findings between studies varied with some showing evidence for a correlation between levels of viremia and development of EHM, 8,33 some indicating that the duration of viremia may be more important for predicting EHM, 32 and some studies finding no correlation between level or duration of viremia and incidence of EHM.”
Influential
The effect of siRNA treatment on experimental equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in horses
Brosnahan, M. M., DAMIANI, A. M., de Walle, G. R. V., Erb, H. N., Perkins, G. A., & Osterrieder, N. (2009) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2009.10.017 · Cited by 22
“This strain of EHV-1 possesses the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the polymerase gene (D752) which is more frequently associated with the development of EHM than strains lacking this mutation (Nugent et al., 2006).”
Influential
Genome-wide association study of equine herpesvirus type 1-induced myeloencephalopathy identifies a significant single nucleotide polymorphism in a platelet-related gene
Brosnahan, M. M., Abri, M. A. A., Brooks, S. A., Antczak, D. F., & Osterrieder, N. (2018) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.12.013 · Cited by 18
Quantitative molecular viral loads in 7 horses with naturally occurring equine herpesvirus‐1 infection
Estell, K. E., Dawson, D. R., Magdesian, K. G., Swain, E., Laing, S. T., Sisó, S., Mapes, S. M., & Pusterla, N. (2014) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/evj.12351 · Cited by 20
Diseases of the Nervous System
(2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00014-0 · Cited by 19
Viral load and cell tropism during early latent equid Herpesvirus 1 infection differ over time in lymphoid and neural tissue samples from experimentally infected Horses.
Giessler, K. S., Samoilowa, S., Soboll Hussey, G., Kiupel, M., Matiasek, K., Sledge, D. G., Liesche, F., Schlegel, J., Fux, R., & Goehring, L. S. (2020) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00621 · Cited by 16
Contribution of the immune response to the pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1): Are there immune correlates that predict increased risk or protection from EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy?
Hussey, G. S., & Giessler, K. S. (2022) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105827 · Cited by 16
Epidemiological Aspects of Equid Herpesvirus-Associated Myeloencephalopathy (EHM) Outbreaks
Klouth, E., Zablotski, Y., Petersen, J. L., de Bruijn, M., Gröndahl, G., Müller, S., & Goehring, L. S. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14112576 · Cited by 16
“premises were characterized by an even distribution of age and sex frequencies, our results confirm a previously described increased risk for EHM in horses with increasing age and for the female sex following an infection [13].”
BackgroundResult
Viral infection and allergy – What equine immune responses can tell us about disease severity and protection
Larson, E. M., & Wagner, B. (2021) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.013 · Cited by 16
Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Equine Herpesvirus‐1
(AHAW), E. P. O. A. H. A. W., Nielsen, S. S., Álvarez, J., Bicout, D., Calistri, P., Canali, E., Drewe, J. A., Garin‐Bastuji, B., Gonzáles, J. L., Gortázar, C., et al. (2022) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7036 · Cited by 16
Impact of the host immune response on the development of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses
Giessler, K. S., Goehring, L. S., Jacob, S. I., Davis, A., Esser, M. M., Lee, Y., Zarski, L. M., Weber, P. S. D., & Hussey, G. S. (2024) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001987 · Cited by 17
Seroprevalence of equine herpes virus-1 in endemic area of Egypt with risk factors assessment
Ata, E. B., Salama, A. A., Zaghawa, A. A., Ghazy, A. A., Elsify, A. M., Nayel, M. A., Hegazy, Y. M., Abdel-Rahman, E. H., & Warda, S. A. (2020) · BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE · doi:10.15547/bjvm.2168 · Cited by 15
“Regarding to the age as a risk factor, the present study showed that EHV-1 seroprevalence was significantly increased with age which agrees with Goehring et al. (2006); Henninger et al. (2007); Allen (2008).”
Antiherpetic Drugs in Equine Medicine
Maxwell, L. K. (2017) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Equine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2016.12.002 · Cited by 15
The neuropathogenic T953 strain of equine herpesvirus-1 inhibits type-I IFN mediated antiviral activity in equine endothelial cells
Sarkar, S., Balasuriya, U. B. R., Horohov, D. W., & Chambers, T. M. (2015) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.011 · Cited by 14
“All rights reserved. other factors such as other viral proteins, or host and environmental factors, that collectively contribute to the development of EHM (Pronost et al., 2010a).”
BackgroundInfluential
Absence of Equid Herpesvirus-1 Reactivation and Viremia in Hospitalized Critically Ill Horses
Carr, E., Schott, H. C., & Pusterla, N. (2011) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0775.x · Cited by 14
Investigation of innate immune function in adult and geriatric horses
Miller, A. B., Loynachan, A. T., Barker, V. D., & Adams, A. A. (2021) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110207 · Cited by 14
Long-term performance of show-jumping horses and relationship with severity of ataxia and complications associated with myeloencephalopathy caused by equine herpes virus-1
de la Cuesta‐Torrado, M., Álvarez, A. V., Neira‐Egea, P., & Cuervo‐Arango, J. (2024) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.17070 · Cited by 12
“22 With regard to other long-term complications in our study, headshaking also is reported in the literature as a complication of EHV-1 infection and is related to the presence of latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia.”
Background
Transcriptomic Profiling of Equine and Viral Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Horses during Equine Herpesvirus 1 Infection
Zarski, L. M., Weber, P. S. D., Lee, Y., & Hussey, G. S. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10010043 · Cited by 12
“It has been shown that EHM generally develops during the end of viremia and that a longer duration and higher magnitude of viremia contribute to the likelihood of EHM [19].”
Background
Oral Administration of Valganciclovir Reduces Clinical Signs, Virus Shedding and Cell-Associated Viremia in Ponies Experimentally Infected with the Equid Herpesvirus-1 C2254 Variant
Thieulent, C., Sutton, G., Toquet, M., Fremaux, S., Hue, E. S., Fortier, C. I., Pléau, A., Deslis, A., Abrioux, S., Guitton, E., et al. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11050539 · Cited by 14
Effect of a Histone Demethylase Inhibitor on Equine Herpesvirus-1 Activity In Vitro
Tallmadge, R. L., Žygelytė, E., de Walle, G. R. V., Kristie, T. M., & Felippe, M. J. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00034 · Cited by 11
Equine herpesvirus 1 elicits a strong pro-inflammatory response in the brain of mice
Mesquita, L. P., Costa, R. C., Zanatto, D. A., Bruhn, F. R. P., Mesquita, L. L. R., Lara, M. D. C. C. D. S. H., Villalobos, E. M. C., Massoco, C. D. O., Mori, C. M. C., Mori, Ê., et al. (2021) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001556 · Cited by 12
Genome‐wide association study for host genetic factors associated with equine herpesvirus type‐1 induced myeloencephalopathy
Dunuwille, W. M. B., YousefiMashouf, N., Balasuriya, U. B. R., Pusterla, N., & Bailey, E. (2020) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/evj.13261 · Cited by 11
A Review: Interactions of Equine Herpesvirus-1 with Immune System and Equine Lymphocyte
Rusli, N. D., Mat, K. B., & Harun, H. C. (2014) · Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.4236/ojvm.2014.412036 · Cited by 11
“Cellular immune responses, particularly MHC class I restricted CD8 CTLs are most crucial in protection against EHV-1 infection [7]-[9] [84] and it has been reported that the number of circulating CTLp offers an immunological correlate of protection from infection and recovery [7] [8] [84].”
Background
Fluorescent bead–based multiplex assays improve serological disease diagnostics and have potential of identifying sensitive immune biomarkers for maintaining health and performance
Sipka, A. S., & Wagner, B. (2025) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.24.11.0760 · Cited by 10
Apparent Breed Predilection for Equid Herpesvirus-1-Associated Myeloencephalopathy (EHM) in a Multiple-Breed Herd
Klouth, E., Zablotski, Y., & Goehring, L. S. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10050537 · Cited by 9
“In group 1, only 1 out of 12 horses developed EHM, while 8 out of 12 horses did so in group 2 [1].”
Background
Absence of relationship between type-I interferon suppression and neuropathogenicity of EHV-1
Oladunni, F. S., Sarkar, S., Reedy, S. E., Balasuriya, U. B. R., Horohov, D. W., & Chambers, T. M. (2018) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.01.007 · Cited by 8
Evaluation of metaphylactic RNA interference to prevent equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in experimental herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses
Perkins, G. A., de Walle, G. R. V., Pusterla, N., Erb, H. N., & Osterrieder, N. (2013) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.74.2.248 · Cited by 11
“11,h,i This might explain the absence of signiﬁcant differences in viremia levels between horses with and without EHM as was calculated in the present study because horses of various ages were included in these studies”
A Live-Attenuated Equine Influenza Vaccine Stimulates Innate Immunity in Equine Respiratory Epithelial Cell Cultures That Could Provide Protection From Equine Herpesvirus 1
Zarski, L. M., VAALA, W. E., Barnett, D. C., Bain, F. T., & Hussey, G. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.674850 · Cited by 7
The common equine class I molecule Eqca-1*00101 (ELA-A3.1) is characterized by narrow peptide binding and T cell epitope repertoires
Bergmann, T., Moore, C., Sidney, J., Miller, D. C., Tallmadge, R. L., Harman, R. M., Oseroff, C., Wriston, A., Shabanowitz, J., Hunt, D. F., et al. (2015) · Immunogenetics · doi:10.1007/s00251-015-0872-z · Cited by 7
“peptide ligands for equine MHC class I molecules are grossly underexplored (Allen 2008; Allen et al. 2004).”
Background
Equine Herpesvirus-1 Infection, Clinical Features, Treatment and Control
Ata, E. B., Ghazy, A. A., & Shaapan, R. M. (2020) · Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.17582/journal.aavs/2020/8.6.668.679 · Cited by 7
“The above mentioned clinical signs of EHM have been recorded in both experimental (Allen, 2008; Goehring et al., 2010b) and field infections (Van Maanen et al., 2001; Henninger et al., 2007, Negussie et al., 2017).”
Characterization of Nasal Mucosal T Cells in Horses and Their Response to Equine Herpesvirus Type 1
Holmes, C. M., & Wagner, B. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16101514 · Cited by 6
“Several studies concluded that both pre-existing EHV-1-specific antibodies in serum [24,34] and EHV-1-specific T cells in peripheral blood [10,24,35,36] correlate with protection against EHV-1 infection and disease.”
BackgroundInfluential
Investigation of an Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus-1 Myeloencephalopathy in a Population of Aged Working Equids
Pusterla, N., Lawton, K. O. Y., Barnum, S. M., Ross, K., & Purcell, K. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16121963 · Cited by 6
A novel PCR protocol for detection and differentiation of neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic equid alphaherpesvirus 1
Lechmann, J., Schoster, A., Ernstberger, M., Fouché, N., Fraefel, C., & Bachofen, C. (2019) · Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation · doi:10.1177/1040638719871975 · Cited by 8
Report of the Second Havemeyer EHV‐1 Workshop, Steamboat Springs, Colorado, USA, September 2008
Kydd, J. H., SLATER, J., Osterrieder, N., Antczak, D. F., & Lunn, D. P. (2010) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00157.x · Cited by 6
“This will aid in elucidating the pathogenesis of EHM and screening antiviral interventions (Allen 2008).”
Background
Infectious, inflammatory, and immune diseases
(2022) · doi:10.1002/9781119477204.ch32 · Cited by 6
Risk Factors and Long-Term Outcomes in Horses After the 2021 Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy, Valencia, Spain
de la Cuesta‐Torrado, M., Álvarez, A. V., Santiago‐Llorente, I., Armengou, L., Nieto, F., Ríos, J., Cruz‐López, F., & José‐Cunilleras, E. L. V. (2025) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.70040 · Cited by 6
“Further, age under 3 years appears to be a protective factor [32], while horses over 20 years of age seemed to have a higher predisposition to EHM [13, 34].”
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification–fluorescent loop primer assay for the genotyping of a single nucleotide polymorphism at position 2254 in the viral DNA polymerase gene of equid alphaherpesvirus 1
Tsujimura, K., Bannai, H., Nemoto, M., & Kokado, H. (2019) · Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation · doi:10.1177/1040638719856404 · Cited by 5
“, breed, sex, age, and immunologic status) are considered to be associated with the development of EHM.(1,5) On the other hand, a single nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution of guanine (G) for adenine (A) at position 2254 in the viral DNA polymerase gene (encoded by open reading frame [ORF]30) of EHV-1 has been signi…”
Background
Viremia in Equine Herpes Virus-1 infection and a possible link to Transient Protective Immunity
Awan, A., Tulp, O., & Field, H. (2021) · Journal of Human Virology & Retrovirology · doi:10.15406/jhvrv.2021.09.00238 · Cited by 4
Investigation of the Systemic Antibody Response and Antigen Detection Following Intranasal Administration of Two Commercial Equine Herpesvirus-1 Vaccines to Adult Horses
Spann, K., Barnum, S. M., & Pusterla, N. (2023) · Journal of Equine Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104229 · Cited by 5
Increase in Virus-Specific Mucosal Antibodies in the Upper Respiratory Tract Following Intramuscular Vaccination of Previously Exposed Horses Against Equine Herpesvirus Type-1/4
Wagner, B., Schnabel, C. L., & Rollins, A. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13030290 · Cited by 4
“Peripheral EHV-1 specific cytotoxic T-cell responses were associated with protection from EHM, the neurologic form of the disease [30], and abortions [31].”
First Report on the Frequency and Molecular Detection of Neuropathogenic EHV-1 in Turkey
Yılmaz, H., Altan, E., Turan, N., Gürel, A., Haktanır, D., Sönmez, K., Deniz, S., Gülçubuk, A., Gür, N. E., Çeşme, G. S., et al. (2012) · Journal of Equine Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2011.12.006 · Cited by 5
Equine herpesviruses: a roundtable discussion
Ivens, P., Rendle, D. I., Kydd, J. H., Crabtree, J. R., Moore, S., Neal, H., Knapp, S., Bryant, N. A., & Newton, J. R. (2019) · UK-Vet Equine · doi:10.12968/ukve.2019.3.s2.1 · Cited by 4
Anti-inflammatory compounds reduce equine herpesvirus type 1 replication and cell-to-cell spread
Black, J. B., & Frampton, A. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1165917 · Cited by 4
“Numerous studies have shown a positive correlation between the degree of viremia and negative disease outcomes following EHV-1 infection (10, 11).”
Background
Mitigation of Pyrexia by a Th-1-Biased IgG Subclass Response after Infection with Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 in Horses Pre-Immunized with Inactivated Vaccine
Bannai, H., Tsujimura, K., Kondo, T., Nemoto, M., Yamanaka, T., Sugiura, T., Kato, T., Maeda, K., & Matsumura, T. (2012) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Science · doi:10.1292/jvms.11-0449 · Cited by 4
“The relationship between a Th-1-biased immune response after EHV-1 infection and effective protection has been shown by experimental challenge studies [1, 10].”
Background
Equine Herpesvirus Infections: Treatment Progress and Challenges in Horses and Donkeys
Khan, M. Z., Ji, Y., Fan, X., Liu, Y., Liu, W., & Wang, C. (2025) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci12111082 · Cited by 5
“…by a single nucleotide polymorphism in the DNA polymerase gene (ORF30), demonstrates 10-to 100-fold higher viremia levels, longer persistence, and preferential CD4+ T lymphocyte tropism compared to non-neuropathogenic N752 strains, facilitating more efficient CNS invasion [210,212,213].”
Influential
Emergence of equine herpes virus 1 myeloencephalopathy: A brief review
Gulati, B. R., Anagha, G., Riyesh, T., & Khurana, S. K. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.18006/2016.4(spl-4-ehidz).s132.s138 · Cited by 3
“Adult horses may develop viremia 100 times higher than young horses and they are 8 times more likely to develop the disease (Allen, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Myeloencephalitis in the Brazilian Amazon
Barbosa, J. D., Lins, A. D. M. C., Bomjardim, H. D. A., Silveira, N. D. S. E. S., Barbosa, C. C., Beuttemmüller, E. A., Brito, M. D. F., & Salvarani, F. M. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13010059 · Cited by 3
“Horses over five years of age have a higher risk of progression to a neurological type when infected with EHV-1 [27] and a greater magnitude of viremia in elderly horses is an important risk factor of the development of neurological signs [28].”
Background

Authors: Allen, G. P.
Affiliations: University of Kentucky (US)
Corresponding author: Allen, George P.
ORCID: Allen, George P.
Venue: American Journal of Veterinary Research
Publisher: American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
Published: 2008-12
Volume: 69
Issue: 12
Pages: 1595-1600
ISSN: 0002-9645 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.12.1595
OpenAlex: W2077063970
Cited by: 135
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 4.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Veterinary Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Herpesvirus Infections and Treatments
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Equine › Veterinary Equine Medical Research
Keywords: equine herpesvirus 1, horses, risk factors, cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors, myeloencephalopathy, age, vaccine-induced immunity, neutralizing antibodies, challenge inoculation
MeSH terms: Aging, Animals, Herpesvirus 1, Equid, Female, Horse Diseases, Horses, Nervous System Diseases, Risk Factors, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, Viremia

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Risk factors for development of neurologic disease after experimental exposure to equine herpesvirus-1 in horses.

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