Adolescent suicidal behaviours in 32 low- and middle-income countries
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Methods Data sourceGSHS is a self-administered, school-based survey developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, in collaboration with the United Nations Children's Emergency Fund, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.19,23 The survey uses standardized school-based sampling and a set of core questionnaire modules that address Objective To estimate prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicidal ideation with a plan in each surveyed country and to examine crossnational differences in associated risk factors.Methods We analysed data of students aged 13-17 years who participated in the 2003-2012 Global School-based Health Surveys in 32 countries, of which 29 are low-and middle-income.We used random effects meta-analysis to generate regional and overall pooled estimates.Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate risk ratios for the associated risk factors.Population attributable fractions were estimated based on adjusted risk ratios and the prevalence of the determinants within each exposure level.Findings Across all countries, the pooled 12-month prevalence of suicide ideation were 16.2% (95% confidence interval, CI: 15.6 to 16.7) among females and 12.2% (95% CI: 11.7 to 12.7) among males and ideation with a plan were 8.3% (95% CI: 7.9 to 8.7) among females and 5.8% (95% CI: 5.5 to 6.1) among males.Suicide ideation in the WHO Region of the Americas was higher in females than males, with an estimated prevalence ratio of 1.70 (95% CI: 1.60 to 1.81), while this ratio was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.98 to 1.10) in the WHO African Region.Factors associated with suicidal ideation in most countries included experiences of bullying and physical violence, loneliness, limited parental support and alcohol and tobacco use. ConclusionThe prevalence of adolescent suicidal behaviours varies across countries, yet a consistent set of risk factors of suicidal behaviours emerged across all regions and most countries.
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Adolescent loneliness has been suggested as a significant risk factor for adolescent suicidality.
“Adolescent loneliness has been suggested as a significant risk factor for adolescent suicidality [7] and could lead to long-term mental health conditions in adulthood [8].”
From Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- McKinnon, B., Gariépy, G., Sentenac, M., & Elgar, F. J.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- McKinnon, Britt
- Venue
- Bulletin of the World Health Organization
- Publisher
- WHO Press
- Published
- 2016-05-01
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 340-350F
- ISSN
- 0042-9686 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4850530
- OpenAlex
- W2344725018
- Cited by
- 297
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 32.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Bulletin of the World Health Organization (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
- Keywords
- adolescent suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, suicide risk factors, bullying, physical violence, loneliness, parental support, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, sex differences, cross-national comparison, low- and middle-income countries
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Developing Countries, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Logistic Models, Suicidal Ideation
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