Cited by 2,714Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyAgriculture Sustainability and Environmental ImpactAnaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production

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Methane emissions from cattle

Johnson, K. A., Johnson, D. E.·1995·Journal of Animal Science

DOI 10.2527/1995.7382483x

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Abstract

Increasing atmospheric concentrations of methane have led scientists to examine its sources of origin. Ruminant livestock can produce 250 to 500 L of methane per day. This level of production results in estimates of the contribution by cattle to global warming that may occur in the next 50 to 100 yr to be a little less than 2%. Many factors influence methane emissions from cattle and include the following: level of feed intake, type of carbohydrate in the diet, feed processing, addition of lipids or ionophores to the diet, and alterations in the ruminal microflora. Manipulation of these factors can reduce methane emissions from cattle. Many techniques exist to quantify methane emissions from individual or groups of animals. Enclosure techniques are precise but require trained animals and may limit animal movement. Isotopic and nonisotopic tracer techniques may also be used effectively. Prediction equations based on fermentation balance or feed characteristics have been used to estimate methane production. These equations are useful, but the assumptions and conditions that must be met for each equation limit their ability to accurately predict methane production. Methane production from groups of animals can be measured by mass balance, micrometeorological, or tracer methods. These techniques can measure methane emissions from animals in either indoor or outdoor enclosures. Use of these techniques and knowledge of the factors that impact methane production can result in the development of mitigation strategies to reduce methane losses by cattle. Implementation of these strategies should result in enhanced animal productivity and decreased contributions by cattle to the atmospheric methane budget.

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“Cattle is said to produce between 250-500 l of methane daily (Johnson and Johnson, 1995) while it s said to lose 2-15% of its ingested energy as eructa ted methane (Giger-Reverdin and Sauvant, 1998).”
Background
Arsenic mobility and toxicity in South and South-east Asia – a review on biogeochemistry, health and socio-economic effects, remediation and risk predictions
Muehe, E. M., & Kappler, A. A. (2014) · Environmental Chemistry · doi:10.15496/publikation-1578 · Cited by 22
Rumen characteristics, methane emissions, and digestion in weaned lambs reared in isolation
Faichney, G. J., Graham, N., & Walker, D. (1999) · Australian Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.1071/ar98195 · Cited by 22
Ruminants and Other Animals
Johnson, D. E., Johnson, K., Ward, G. M., & Branine, M. E. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-04145-1_8 · Cited by 22
High-throughput DNA sequencing of the moose rumen from different geographical locations reveals a core ruminal methanogenic archaeal diversity and a differential ciliate protozoal diversity
Ishaq, S. L., Sundset, M. A., Crouse, J. A., & Wright, A. G. (2015) · Microbial Genomics · doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000034 · Cited by 21
Methane emissions differ between sheep offered a conventional diploid, a high-sugar diploid or a tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivar at two allowances at three times of the year
Jonker, A., Molano, G., Sandoval, E., Taylor, P. S., Antwi, C., Olinga, S., & Cosgrove, G. P. (2016) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an15597 · Cited by 21
The Ruminant: Life History and Digestive Physiology of a Symbiotic Animal
Pérez-Barbería, F. J. (2020) · SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46060-0_2 · Cited by 21
Use of biochar by sheep: impacts on diet selection, digestibility, and performance
McAvoy, D. J., Burritt, B., & Villalba, J. J. (2020) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skaa380 · Cited by 21
“…diet digestibility and influenced some ruminal parameters in sheep, some indicative of positive effects on lamb nutrition, although increments in the VFA acetate for the BC treatment may suggest increments in methane production and reductions in microbial efficiency (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Alterations in the Rumen Particle-Associated Microbiota of Goats in Response to Dietary Supplementation Levels of Schizochytrium spp.
Mavrommatis, A., Skliros, D., Simoni, M., Righi, F., Flemetakis, E., & Tsiplakou, E. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13020607 · Cited by 21
“Apart from its negative impact on the environment, methane production has in fact been estimated to be responsible for a loss of 2–15% of the gross energy of feeds in ruminants [18].”
Background
A garlic and citrus extract: Impacts on behavior, feed intake, rumen fermentation, and digestibility in sheep
Ahmed, E., Batbekh, B., Fukuma, N. M., Kand, D., Hanada, M., & Nishida, T. (2021) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115007 · Cited by 21
Effect of biochanin A on the rumen microbial community of Holstein steers consuming a high fiber diet and subjected to a subacute acidosis challenge
Harlow, B. E., Flythe, M. D. D., Klotz, J. L., Harmon, D. L., & Aiken, G. E. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253754 · Cited by 19
Associations among nutrient concentration, silage fermentation products, in vivo organic matter digestibility, rumen fermentation and in vitro methane yield in 78 grass silages
Weiby, K. V., Krizsan, S. J., Eknæs, M., Schwarm, A., Whist, A. C., Schei, I., Steinshamn, H., Lund, P., Beauchemin, K. A., & Dønnem, I. (2022) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115249 · Cited by 21
Application of a hand-held laser methane detector for measuring enteric methane emissions from cattle in intensive farming
Kang, K., Cho, H., Jeong, S., Jeon, S., Lee, M., Lee, S., Baek, Y., Oh, J., & Seo, S. (2022) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skac211 · Cited by 21
3-Nitrooxypropanol substantially decreased enteric methane emissions of dairy cows fed true protein- or urea-containing diets
Garcia, F., Muñoz, C., Martínez-Ferrer, J., Urrutia, N. L., Martínez, E. D., Saldivia, M., Immig, I., Kindermann, M., Walker, N. D., & Ungerfeld, E. M. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09738 · Cited by 25
“Methane emissions from ruminants are also an energy loss for ruminants, ranging between 2 and 12% of ingested gross energy (GE) (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Black Soldier Fly Larva Oil in Diets with Roughage to Concentrate Ratios on Fermentation Characteristics, Degradability, and Methane Generation
Prachumchai, R., & Cherdthong, A. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13152416 · Cited by 21
“Methanogenic archaea use hydrogen present in the rumen to reduce CO2 to CH4 through methanogenesis; this causes the gross energy (GE) absorbed in the meal to decrease by 2 to 12% [3].”
Background
Effect of Chitosan on Ruminal Fermentation and Microbial Communities, Methane Emissions, and Productive Performance of Dairy Cattle
Rey, J., de Otálora, X. D., Atxaerandio, R., Mandaluniz, N., García-Rodríguez, A., González-Recio, Ó., López-García, A., Ruiz, R., & Goiri, I. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13182861 · Cited by 24
“At the same time, enteric CH4 is one of the pathways of energy loss in ruminants, which can reach 12% of the gross energy intake in lactating cows [4].”
Background
Correlation between chemical composition, kinetics of fermentation and methane production of eight pasture grasses
Kulivand, M., & Kafilzadeh, F. (2015) · Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences · doi:10.4025/actascianimsci.v37i1.24336 · Cited by 21
Evaluation of rumen methanogen diversity in cattle fed diets containing dry corn distillers grains and condensed tannins using PCR-DGGE and qRT-PCR analyses
Mohammed, R., Zhou, M., Koenig, K. M., Beauchemin, K. A., & Guan, L. L. (2011) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.061 · Cited by 21
Methane production in different breeds, grazing different pastures or fed a total mixed ration, as measured by a Laser Methane Detector
Grobler, S. M., Scholtz, M., Rooyan, H. V., Mpayipheli, M., & Neser, F. W. C. (2015) · South African Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4314/sajas.v44i5.3 · Cited by 21
“More recently, attention has been given to CH4’s potential contribution to climatic change and global warming (Johnson & Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Methane emissions from two breeds of beef cows offered diets containing barley straw with either grass silage or brewers’ grains
Duthie, C.-A., Rooke, J. A., Hyslop, J. J., & Waterhouse, A. (2015) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731115001251 · Cited by 21
“…of feed which is fermentable within the rumen; lipids can also reduce CH4 production by coating fibre particles, reducing their digestibility, and by reducing the numbers and activity of the rumen methanogens and protozoa responsible for methanogenesis (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; Patra, 2013).”
Background
Studies on potential effects of fumaric acid on rumen microbial fermentation, methane production and microbial community
Riede, S., Boguhn, J., & Breves, G. (2013) · Archives of Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1080/1745039x.2013.830518 · Cited by 21
Effect of Seasons on Enteric Methane Emissions from Cattle Grazing Urochloa brizantha
Demarchi, J. J. A. D. A., Manella, M. Q., Primavesi, O., Frighetto, R. T. S., Romero, L. A., Berndt, A., & de Lima, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.5539/jas.v8n4p106 · Cited by 21
Physicochemical characteristics of stored cattle manure affect methane emissions by inducing divergence of methanogens that have different interactions with bacteria
Liu, C., Guo, T., Chen, Y., Meng, Q., Zhu, C., & Huang, H. (2017) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.020 · Cited by 22
Isolation, characterization and strain selection of a Paenibacillus species for use as a probiotic to aid in ruminal methane mitigation, nitrate/nitrite detoxification and food safety
Latham, E. A., Pinchak, W. E., Trachsel, J., Allen, H. K., Callaway, T. R., Nisbet, D. J., & Anderson, R. C. (2018) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.116 · Cited by 21
In vitro evaluation of nano zinc oxide (nZnO) on mitigation of gaseous emissions
Sarker, N. C., Keomanivong, F. E., Borhan, M. S., Rahman, S. M., & Swanson, K. C. (2018) · Journal of Animal Science and Technology · doi:10.1186/s40781-018-0185-5 · Cited by 22
Steam Explosion Pretreatment Changes Ruminal Fermentation in vitro of Corn Stover by Shifting Archaeal and Bacterial Community Structure
Wang, K., Nan, X., Tong, J., Zhao, G., Jiang, L., & Xiong, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.02027 · Cited by 26
“VFA will be subsequently absorbed by ruminants to convert into food products (Jami et al., 2013); While, CH4 will be released to atmosphere and presents a loss of gross energy intake (2–12%), depending on types of diets (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Energy balance and methane production in sheep fed chemically treated wheat straw
Sahoo, B., Saraswat, M., Haque, M. N., & Khan, M. (1999) · Small Ruminant Research · doi:10.1016/s0921-4488(99)00059-0 · Cited by 21
Air Emissions in Poultry Production: Current Challenges and Future Directions
Powers, W. J., Angel, R., & Applegate, T. J. (2005) · The Journal of Applied Poultry Research · doi:10.1093/japr/14.3.613 · Cited by 21
“Johnson and Johnson [24] reported that 67% of global greenhouse gas emissions are from the impact of man on nature or ecosystems (anthropogenic sources) with livestock contributing 17% of the total emissions from natural and anthropogenic sources combined.”
Background
Use of methane production data for genetic prediction in beef cattle: A review
Dressler, E., Bormann, J. M., Weaber, R. L., & Rolf, M. M. (2024) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txae014 · Cited by 24
“Johnson and Johnson (1995) estimate that emissions represent a loss of 2% to 12% of gross energy intake.”
BackgroundInfluential
The symbiotic rumen microbiome and cattle performance: a brief review
Bath, C. R., Morrison, M., Ross, E. M., Hayes, B. J., & Cocks, B. (2013) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an12369 · Cited by 22
“Methane emissions cause a loss of significant carbon from the system, calculated to be 2 to 12% of gross energy intake (Johnson and Johnson 1995) and therefore can be potentially targeted as a way to boost productivity.”
Inhibition of Methyl-CoM Reductase fromMethanobrevibacter ruminantiumby 2-Bromoethanesulfonate
Gräwert, T., Hohmann, H., Kindermann, M., Duval, S. M., Bacher, A., & Fischer, M. J. (2014) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf505056g · Cited by 20
Incubation Temperature, But Not Pequi Oil Supplementation, Affects Methane Production, and the Ruminal Microbiota in a Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec) System
Duarte, A. C., Holman, D. B., Alexander, T. W., Kiri, K., Breves, G., & Chaves, A. V. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01076 · Cited by 20
“The effect that lipids have on methane abatement is of interest due to their potential to decrease methanogenesis through inhibition of protozoa and increased production of propionic acid (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluential
Use of orange leaves as a replacement for alfalfa in energy and nitrogen partitioning, methane emissions and milk performance of murciano-granadina goats
Fernández, C., Pérez-Baena, I., Martí, J. V., Palomares, J. L., Jorro-Ripoll, J., & Segarra, J. V. (2018) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.11.008 · Cited by 20
A novel identified Pseudomonas aeruginosa , which exhibited nitrate‐ and nitrite‐dependent methane oxidation abilities, could alleviate the disadvantages caused by nitrate supplementation in rumen fluid fermentation
Pang, J., Liu, L., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Chen, B., Wu, S., Yao, J., & Xu, X. (2020) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13726 · Cited by 20
“, 2004), which leads to a loss of 2–12% of the diet energy (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
A Basic Model to Predict Enteric Methane Emission from Dairy Cows and Its Application to Update Operational Models for the National Inventory in Norway
Niu, P., Schwarm, A., Bonesmo, H., Kidane, A., Åby, B. A., Storlien, T. M., Kreuzer, M., Álvarez, C., Sommerseth, J. K., & Prestløkken, E. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11071891 · Cited by 23
“Studies focusing on the effect of different types of carbohydrates, indicate that high concentrations of starch and sugar (non-fibrous carbohydrates) increase the production of propionate but decrease that of acetate and butyrate, and the opposite is true for NDF (fibrous carbohydrates) [53,56].”
Background
Evaluation of gallnut tannin and Lactobacillus plantarum as natural modifiers for alfalfa silage: Ensiling characteristics, in vitro ruminal methane production, fermentation profile and microbiota
Chen, L., Bao, X., Guo, G., Huo, W., Li, Q., Xu, Q., Wang, C., & Liu, Q. (2021) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.15246 · Cited by 19
Effect of Divergent Feeding Regimes During Early Life on the Rumen Microbiota in Calves
Cristobal-Carballo, O., McCoard, S. A., Cookson, A. L., Laven, R. A., Ganesh, S., Lewis, S. J., & Muetzel, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.711040 · Cited by 21
“Methane production is both a loss of dietary gross energy (Bergman, 1990) and a greenhouse gas (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
BackgroundMethod
Long-Term and Carryover Effects of Supplementation with Whole Oilseeds on Methane Emission, Milk Production and Milk Fatty Acid Profile of Grazing Dairy Cows
Muñoz, C., Villalobos, R., Peralta, A. M. T., Morales, R., Urrutia, N. L., & Ungerfeld, E. M. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11102978 · Cited by 20
“In addition, to a lesser extent, unsaturated fatty acids (FA), when biohydrogenated in the rumen, offer an alternative hydrogen sink to methane [5].”
Biochemical Properties of Black and Green Teas and Their Insoluble Residues as Natural Dietary Additives to Optimize In Vitro Rumen Degradability and Fermentation but Reduce Methane in Sheep
Ramdani, D., Jayanegara, A., & Chaudhry, A. S. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12030305 · Cited by 20

Authors: Johnson, K. A., & Johnson, D. E.
Affiliations: Washington State University (US)
ORCID: Johnson, K. A.
Venue: Journal of Animal Science
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1995-08-01
Volume: 73
Issue: 8
Pages: 2483-2492
ISSN: 0021-8812 (ISSN-L)
1525-3163
DOI: 10.2527/1995.7382483x
OpenAlex: W1837026033
Cited by: 2,714
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 131 · 2025: 157 · 2024: 174 · 2023: 159 · 2022: 197 · 2021: 158 · 2020: 154 · 2019: 133 · 2018: 135 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 160 · 2015: 161 · 2014: 150 · 2013: 105 · 2012: 114
FWCI: 9.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Animal Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
Keywords: methane emissions, cattle, ruminant livestock, enteric methane, global warming, methane mitigation, feed intake, dietary carbohydrates, feed processing, dietary fat, ionophores, tracer techniques, mass balance, micrometeorological methods, methane budget
MeSH terms: Animals, Animal Feed, Atmosphere, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Chromatography, Gas, Diet, Eating, Eructation, Female, Fermentation, Methane, Rumen, Mass Spectrometry, Greenhouse Effect

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