Cited by 2,714Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyAgriculture Sustainability and Environmental ImpactAnaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production

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Methane emissions from cattle

Johnson, K. A., Johnson, D. E.·1995·Journal of Animal Science

DOI 10.2527/1995.7382483x

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Abstract

Increasing atmospheric concentrations of methane have led scientists to examine its sources of origin. Ruminant livestock can produce 250 to 500 L of methane per day. This level of production results in estimates of the contribution by cattle to global warming that may occur in the next 50 to 100 yr to be a little less than 2%. Many factors influence methane emissions from cattle and include the following: level of feed intake, type of carbohydrate in the diet, feed processing, addition of lipids or ionophores to the diet, and alterations in the ruminal microflora. Manipulation of these factors can reduce methane emissions from cattle. Many techniques exist to quantify methane emissions from individual or groups of animals. Enclosure techniques are precise but require trained animals and may limit animal movement. Isotopic and nonisotopic tracer techniques may also be used effectively. Prediction equations based on fermentation balance or feed characteristics have been used to estimate methane production. These equations are useful, but the assumptions and conditions that must be met for each equation limit their ability to accurately predict methane production. Methane production from groups of animals can be measured by mass balance, micrometeorological, or tracer methods. These techniques can measure methane emissions from animals in either indoor or outdoor enclosures. Use of these techniques and knowledge of the factors that impact methane production can result in the development of mitigation strategies to reduce methane losses by cattle. Implementation of these strategies should result in enhanced animal productivity and decreased contributions by cattle to the atmospheric methane budget.

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“Measuring CH4 emissions Individual CH4 emissions were estimated using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique (Johnson and Johnson 1995).”
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“…ionophores, all of which can potentially affect the predominant† E-mail: rachel.gervais@fsaa.ulaval.ca Animal (2016), 10:2, pp 203–211 © The Animal Consortium 2015 doi:10.1017/S1751731115001949 animal ruminal microbial population (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; Sauer et al., 1998; Weimer et al., 2010).”
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“The release of methane (CH4) results in a loss of dietary energy (Johnson and Johnson, 1995) and once released into the environment, CH4 acts as a potent greenhouse gas, with a much greater effect on climate change than that of carbon dioxide (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2006).”
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“CH4 is not only a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) but also represents a gross energy loss (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; Appuhamy et al., 2016).”
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“Roughage-based diets favour acetate production and increase CH4 production per unit of fermentable OM (Johnson & Johnson 1995).”
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Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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MethodInfluential
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“In 1992, it was estimated methane would cause 15–17% of global warming over the next 50 years [19] and methane has a global warming potential of 25 compared to CO2 over a 100-year period (although accepted figures probably represents an underestimate [20].”
Background
Potential use of seaweed as a dietary supplement to mitigate enteric methane emission in ruminants
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Effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol on methane production using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec)
Romero-Pérez, A., Okine, E. K., Guan, L., Duval, S. M., Kindermann, M., & Beauchemin, K. A. (2015) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.002 · Cited by 43
The effects of supplementing grazing dairy cows with partial mixed ration on enteric methane emissions and milk production during mid to late lactation
O’Neill, B. F., Deighton, M. H., O’Loughlin, B. M., Galvin, N., O’Donovan, M., & Lewis, E. (2012) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2011-5257 · Cited by 39
“The GEI lost as CH4 is typically 6 to 7% in forage-based diets (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Compositional and structural dynamics of the ruminal microbiota in dairy heifers and its relationship to methane production
Cunha, C. S., Marcondes, M. I., Veloso, C. M., Mantovani, H. C., Pereira, L. G. R., Tomich, T. R., Dill‐McFarland, K. A., & Suen, G. (2018) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.9162 · Cited by 41
Effects of condensed tannin fractions of different molecular weights from a Leucaena leucocephala hybrid on in vitro methane production and rumen fermentation
Saminathan, M., Sieo, C. C., Abdullah, N., Wong, C., & Ho, Y. W. (2014) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.7016 · Cited by 39
Livestock Management Strategy Affects Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance of Subhumid Pasture
Oates, L. G., & Jackson, R. D. (2014) · Rangeland Ecology & Management · doi:10.2111/rem-d-12-00151.1 · Cited by 39
Environmental Aspects of Ethical Animal Production
Siegford, J. M., Powers, W. J., & Grimes-Casey, H. G. (2008) · Poultry Science · doi:10.3382/ps.2007-00351 · Cited by 39
“Typically cattle grazing on pasture have diets high in fiber, which increases methane production compared with grain feeding practices in confinement (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; Harper et al., 1999).”
Background
The effect of pectin, corn and wheat starch, inulin and pH on in vitro production of methane, short chain fatty acids and on the microbial community composition in rumen fluid
Poulsen, M., Jensen, B. B., & Engberg, R. M. (2011) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.12.009 · Cited by 40
Synergistic Effects of 3-Nitrooxypropanol with Fumarate in the Regulation of Propionate Formation and Methanogenesis in Dairy Cows In Vitro
Liu, Z., Wang, K., Nan, X., Cai, M., Yang, L., Xiong, B., & Zhao, Y. (2022) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01908-21 · Cited by 42
“CH4 emission from ruminants is also a waste of feed energy, accounting for 2% to 12% of the total energy intake of feed (3).”
Background
Rumen sampling methods bias bacterial communities observed
Hagey, J. V., Laabs, M., Maga, E. A., & DePeters, E. J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258176 · Cited by 41
“Additionally, methane production is energy inefficient, resulting in a 2–12% loss in gross energy intake in cattle [88].”
Background
Insights into the biotechnology potential of Methanosarcina
Carr, S., & Buan, N. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1034674 · Cited by 38
“The methane produced by methanogens is of interest due to methane’s ecological impact resulting from agricultural production by livestock (Johnson and Johnson, 1995) and rice cultivation (Schütz et al.”
Background
Evaluating the effect of phenolic compounds as hydrogen acceptors when ruminal methanogenesis is inhibited in vitro – Part 2. Dairy goats
Romero, P., Huang, R., Jiménez, E., Palma‐Hidalgo, J. M., Ungerfeld, E. M., Popova, M., Morgavi, D., Belanche, A., & Yáñez-Ruíz, D. R. (2023) · animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2023.100789 · Cited by 44
Avian (IgY) anti-methanogen antibodies for reducing ruminal methane production: in vitro assessment of their effects
Cook, S. R., Maiti, P. K., Chaves, A. V., Benchaar, C., Beauchemin, K. A., & McAllister, T. A. (2008) · Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture · doi:10.1071/ea07249 · Cited by 38
Carbon Footprint of Food Products
Röös, E., Sundberg, C., & Hansson, P. (2014) · Ecoproduction · doi:10.1007/978-981-4560-41-2_4 · Cited by 38
Effect of legume (Phaseolus calcaratus) hay supplementation on rumen microorganisms, fermentation and nutrient digestibility in swamp buffalo
Chanthakhoun, V., Wanapat, M., Wachirapakorn, C., & Wanapat, S. (2011) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2011.02.003 · Cited by 38
Methane emissions from lactating and non-lactating dairy cows and growing cattle fed fresh pasture
Jonker, A., Molano, G., Koolaard, J. P., & Muetzel, S. (2016) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an15656 · Cited by 38
Grazing diverse combinations of tanniferous and non-tanniferous legumes: Implications for beef cattle performance and environmental impact
Lagrange, S., Beauchemin, K. A., MacAdam, J. W., & Villalba, J. J. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140788 · Cited by 39
Research progress on the application of feed additives in ruminal methane emission reduction: a review
Sun, K., Liu, H., Fan, H., Liu, T., & Zheng, C. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11151 · Cited by 49
“On average, approximately 8–12% of the energy consumed in feed is wasted in the form of CH4 emissions (Johnson & Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Comparison of enteric methane yield and diversity of ruminal methanogens in cattle and buffaloes fed on the same diet
Malik, P. K., Trivedi, S., Mohapatra, A., Kolte, A. P., Sejian, V., Bhatta, R., & Rahman, H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256048 · Cited by 45
“5 kJ/l [8], resulting in the methane emitted by cattle accounting for 2–12% of gross energy intake [9].”
Background
Inhibition of methanogenesis by tea saponin and tea saponin plus disodium fumarate in sheep
Yuan, Z., Zhang, C., Zhou, L., Zou, C., Guo, Y., Li, W., Liu, J., & Wu, Y. (2007) · Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences · doi:10.22358/jafs/74607/2007 · Cited by 38
“Methane produced during ruminal fermentation represents a loss of 2-12% of gross energy intake (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Effect of dried distillers’ grains with solubles on enteric methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from finishing beef cattle
Hünerberg, M., McGinn, S. M., Beauchemin, K. A., Okine, E. K., Harstad, O. M., & McAllister, T. A. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4141/cjas2012-151 · Cited by 39
Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from point sources in agriculture
McGinn, S. M. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.4141/s05-099 · Cited by 38
Novel preharvest strategies involving the use of experimental chlorate preparations and nitro-based compounds to prevent colonization of food-producing animals by foodborne pathogens
Anderson, R. C., Harvey, R. B., Byrd, J. A., Callaway, T. R., Genovese, K. J., Edrington, T. S., Jung, Y. S., McReynolds, J. L., & Nisbet, D. J. (2005) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1093/ps/84.4.649 · Cited by 38
“for forage fed cattle (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Methane emission from sheep grazing four pastures in late summer in New Zealand
Ulyatt, M. J., Lassey, K. R., Shelton, I. D., & Walker, C. F. (2005) · New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.1080/00288233.2005.9513671 · Cited by 38
Effects of oral nitroethane administration on enteric methane emissions and ruminal fermentation in cattle
Brown, E. G., Anderson, R. C., Carstens, G. E., Bañuelos, H. G., McReynolds, J. L., Slay, L. J., Callaway, T. R., & Nisbet, D. J. (2011) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.017 · Cited by 38
“Further, ruminants lose 2–15% of the gross energy (GE) they consume as enteric CH4 (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; Van Nevel and Demeyer, 1996).”
Background
Nordic dairy cow model Karoline in predicting methane emissions: 1. Model description and sensitivity analysis
Huhtanen, P., Ramin, M., & Udén, P. (2015) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2015.05.009 · Cited by 37
“Greater depressions in CH4 emissions can be expected in feed-lot cattle fed high (490%) concentrated diets (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Evaluation of sulfur content of dried distillers grains with solubles in finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn or dry-rolled corn1,2
Uwituze, S., Parsons, G. L., Schneider, C., Karges, K. K., Gibson, M. L., Hollis, L. C., Higgins, J. J., & Drouillard, J. S. (2011) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3103 · Cited by 37
Effect of Sodium Nitrate and Nitrate Reducing Bacteria on In vitro Methane Production and Fermentation with Buffalo Rumen Liquor
Sakthivel, P. C., Kamra, D. N., Agarwal, N., & Chaudhary, L. C. (2012) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.2011.11383 · Cited by 37
“Methane is a natural by product of feed fermentation in the rumen which accounts for a significant loss (20 to 120 g/kg) of the dietary energy consumed by ruminants (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Effects of long-term supplementation of chestnut and valonea extracts on methane release, digestibility and nitrogen excretion in sheep
Wischer, G., Greiling, A. M., Boguhn, J., Steingaß, H., Schollenberger, M., Hartung, K., & Rodehutscord, M. (2014) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731114000639 · Cited by 43
“The release of methane seems to be a key-process in an unmodified rumen fermentation, but also represents an energy loss for the host animal (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Methods and Techniques for Measuring Gas Emissions from Agricultural and Animal Feeding Operations
Hu, E., Babcock, E. L., Bialkowski, S. E., Jones, S. B., & Tuller, M. (2014) · Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1080/10408347.2013.843055 · Cited by 37
“Gas chromatography (GC) is a highly accurate method applicable for CH4, VOCs, and other GHGs (Blunden et al., 2005; Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effect of Propionibacterium spp. on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and methane emissions in beef heifers fed a high-forage diet1
Vyas, D., McGeough, E. J. J., McGinn, S. M., McAllister, T. A., & Beauchemin, K. A. (2014) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2013-7492 · Cited by 37
Long-term declines in dietary nutritional quality for North American cattle
Craine, J. M., Elmore, A. J., & Angerer, J. P. (2017) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa67a4 · Cited by 37
“The consequences of declining [CP] and increasing [DOM]:[CP] extend beyond greater nutritional stress as theywouldalsopromote greatermethane production, which could serve as a positive feedback to warming (Johnson and Johnson 1995).”
Background
A comparison of milk yields and methane production from three contrasting high‐yielding dairy cattle feeding regimes: Cut‐and‐carry, partial grazing and total mixed ration
Cameron, L., Chagunda, M. G. G., Roberts, D. J., & Lee, M. A. (2018) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1111/gfs.12353 · Cited by 37
Methane oxidation and its coupled electron-sink reactions in ruminal fluid
Kajikawa, H., Valdés, C., Hillman, K., Wallace, R. J., & Newbold, C. J. (2003) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01317.x · Cited by 37
“Methane is produced as a by-product of microbial fermentation in the rumen and methane production from enteric fermentation in domestic ruminants is a major source of biogenic methane production (Johnson and Johnson 1995).”
Background
A study of the structure-activity relationship of oligomeric ellagitannins on ruminal fermentation in vitro
Baert, N., Pellikaan, W. F., Karonen, M., & Salminen, J. (2016) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11069 · Cited by 41
“Although CH4 from enteric fermentation is a natural by-product of the digestive processes of ruminants, it represents a loss of 2 to 12% of the animal’s gross energy intake (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; McAllister et al., 1996).”
Background
Inventory of methane emissions from U.S. cattle
Westberg, H. H., Lamb, B., Johnson, K., & Huyler, M. T. (2001) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000jd900808 · Cited by 37
Garlic and Its Bioactive Compounds: Implications for Methane Emissions and Ruminant Nutrition
Sari, N. F., Ray, P. P., Rymer, C., Kliem, K. E., & Stergiadis, S. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12212998 · Cited by 42
Revealing the developmental characterization of rumen microbiome and its host in newly received cattle during receiving period contributes to formulating precise nutritional strategies
Li, Y., Mao, K., Zang, Y., Lu, G., Qiu, Q., Ouyang, K., Zhao, X., Song, X., Xu, L., Liang, H., et al. (2023) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-023-01682-z · Cited by 36
“The production of methane is known to result in dietary energy loss and accounts for 2–12% of the ruminant [41], thereby linking to poorer feed efficiency of the animal [42].”
Background
Vaccination of cattle with a methanogen protein produces specific antibodies in the saliva which are stable in the rumen
Subharat, S., Shu, D., Zheng, T., Buddle, B. M., Janssen, P. H., Luo, D., & Wedlock, D. N. (2015) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.02.008 · Cited by 36
In vitro fermentation patterns and methane production as influenced by cultivar and season of harvest of Lolium perenne L.
Lovett, D. K., McGILLOWAY, D. A., Bortolozzo, A., Hawkins, M., Callan, J. J., Flynn, B., & O’Mara, F. P. (2006) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.2006.00500.x · Cited by 36
Direct greenhouse gas emissions of the South African small stock sectors
Toit, C. D., van Niekerk, W., & Meissner, H. H. (2014) · South African Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4314/sajas.v43i3.8 · Cited by 36
“The production of methane is associated with a loss of 2% - 14% of dietary energy (Johnson & Johnson, 1995; Sallaku et al., 2011).”
Background
Toxicity and Metabolism of Nitroalkanes and Substituted Nitroalkanes
Smith, D. J., & Anderson, R. C. (2013) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf3039583 · Cited by 36
Comparison of nutrient composition and anti-methanogenic properties of different Rosaceae species
Kara, K., Güçlü, B. K., & Baytok, E. (2015) · Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences · doi:10.22358/jafs/65613/2015 · Cited by 36
Age-Related Response of Rumen Microbiota to Mineral Salt and Effects of Their Interactions on Enteric Methane Emissions in Cattle
Liu, C., Li, X., Chen, Y. X., Cheng, Z., Duan, Q. H., Meng, Q. H., Tao, X. P., Shang, B., & Dong, H. (2016) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-016-0888-4 · Cited by 36
Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation for improving in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of cereal straws
Chen, L., Ren, A., Zhou, C., & Tan, Z. (2016) · Italian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1080/1828051x.2016.1262753 · Cited by 36
Ammonia and Methane Emission Factors from Cattle Operations Expressed as Losses of Dietary Nutrients or Energy
Liu, Z., Liu, Y., Murphy, J. P., & Maghirang, R. G. (2017) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture7030016 · Cited by 36
“However, a strong relationship between them has not been documented [26].”
Influential
Animal health and greenhouse gas intensity: the paradox of periparturient parasitism
Houdijk, J. G. M., Tolkamp, B. J., Rooke, J. A., & Hutchings, M. R. (2017) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.03.006 · Cited by 36

Authors: Johnson, K. A., & Johnson, D. E.
Affiliations: Washington State University (US)
ORCID: Johnson, K. A.
Venue: Journal of Animal Science
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1995-08-01
Volume: 73
Issue: 8
Pages: 2483-2492
ISSN: 0021-8812 (ISSN-L)
1525-3163
DOI: 10.2527/1995.7382483x
OpenAlex: W1837026033
Cited by: 2,714
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 131 · 2025: 157 · 2024: 174 · 2023: 159 · 2022: 197 · 2021: 158 · 2020: 154 · 2019: 133 · 2018: 135 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 160 · 2015: 161 · 2014: 150 · 2013: 105 · 2012: 114
FWCI: 9.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Animal Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
Keywords: methane emissions, cattle, ruminant livestock, enteric methane, global warming, methane mitigation, feed intake, dietary carbohydrates, feed processing, dietary fat, ionophores, tracer techniques, mass balance, micrometeorological methods, methane budget
MeSH terms: Animals, Animal Feed, Atmosphere, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Chromatography, Gas, Diet, Eating, Eructation, Female, Fermentation, Methane, Rumen, Mass Spectrometry, Greenhouse Effect

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