Cited by 2,714Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyAgriculture Sustainability and Environmental ImpactAnaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production

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Methane emissions from cattle

Johnson, K. A., Johnson, D. E.·1995·Journal of Animal Science

DOI 10.2527/1995.7382483x

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Abstract

Increasing atmospheric concentrations of methane have led scientists to examine its sources of origin. Ruminant livestock can produce 250 to 500 L of methane per day. This level of production results in estimates of the contribution by cattle to global warming that may occur in the next 50 to 100 yr to be a little less than 2%. Many factors influence methane emissions from cattle and include the following: level of feed intake, type of carbohydrate in the diet, feed processing, addition of lipids or ionophores to the diet, and alterations in the ruminal microflora. Manipulation of these factors can reduce methane emissions from cattle. Many techniques exist to quantify methane emissions from individual or groups of animals. Enclosure techniques are precise but require trained animals and may limit animal movement. Isotopic and nonisotopic tracer techniques may also be used effectively. Prediction equations based on fermentation balance or feed characteristics have been used to estimate methane production. These equations are useful, but the assumptions and conditions that must be met for each equation limit their ability to accurately predict methane production. Methane production from groups of animals can be measured by mass balance, micrometeorological, or tracer methods. These techniques can measure methane emissions from animals in either indoor or outdoor enclosures. Use of these techniques and knowledge of the factors that impact methane production can result in the development of mitigation strategies to reduce methane losses by cattle. Implementation of these strategies should result in enhanced animal productivity and decreased contributions by cattle to the atmospheric methane budget.

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Kebreab, E., Dijkstra, J., Bannink, A., & France, J. (2008) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1313 · Cited by 65
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“In addition, TMR-fed cows emitted less enteric CH4 as a proportion of total DMI (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; Bell et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Measurement of Methane Production from Ruminants
Bhatta, R., & Enishi, O. (2007) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.2007.1305 · Cited by 64
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McParland, S., & Berry, D. P. (2016) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2015-10051 · Cited by 64
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Watt, L. J., Clark, C., Krebs, G. L., Petzel, C. E., Nielsen, S. G., & Utsumi, S. A. (2015) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2015-9463 · Cited by 63
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Huang, X., Zhang, J. P., Storozum, M. J., Liu, S., Gill, J. L., Xiang, L., Ren, X., Wang, J., Qiang, M., Chen, F., et al. (2020) · Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology · doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2020.104171 · Cited by 61
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“Livestock may have directly changed atmospheric composition via methane emissions (Johnson & Johnson, 1995) and they have also led to the degradation of grassland by grazing activity (Asner et al., 2004; Dai, 2010; X.-Z. Huang et al., 2017).”
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Effects of increasing concentrations of wet distillers grains with solubles in steam-flaked, corn-based diets on energy metabolism, carbon-nitrogen balance, and methane emissions of cattle1
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Bacterial Community Composition and Fermentation Patterns in the Rumen of Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) Fed Three Different Diets
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“Although BH uses metabolic hydrogen, BH probably plays only a minor role in reducing methane emissions (Johnson and Johnson, 1995), so we have no explanation for the trend (P = 0.”
Background
Linseed Oil Supplementation of Lambs’ Diet in Early Life Leads to Persistent Changes in Rumen Microbiome Structure
Lyons, T., Boland, T. M., Storey, S., & Doyle, E. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01656 · Cited by 60
“This results in increased methane in the atmosphere and an energy loss of 2–13% for the animal, impacting feed efficiency in animal production (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Enteric methane emission can be reliably measured by the GreenFeed monitoring unit
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Background
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“The ruminal methanogenic population has become a focus of increasing scientific attention for the negative effect of methanogenesis on dietary energy and environment (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
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Background
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Greenhouse gas balance and carbon footprint of pasture-based beef cattle production systems in the tropical region (Atlantic Forest biome)
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The Benefits of Supplementary Fat in Feed Rations for Ruminants with Particular Focus on Reducing Levels of Methane Production
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“PUFA also has an inhibitory effect on methane production through direct use of hydrogen by saturation in the rumen [1, 5, 9, 10].”
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Effects of dietary nitrogen levels and carbohydrate sources on apparent ruminal synthesis of some B vitamins in dairy cows
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“Dietary characteristics, such as carbohydrate source and protein supply, affect fermentation and microorganisms in the rumen (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; Hristov et al., 2001; Belanche et al., 2012).”
Inclusion of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) silage in dairy cow rations affects nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, energy balance, and methane emissions
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“Ruminants typically lose between 2 and 12% of their ingested energy as eructated CH 4 (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Effect of Limit-Fed Diets With Different Forage to Concentrate Ratios on Fecal Bacterial and Archaeal Community Composition in Holstein Heifers
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“Methane (CH4) emitted from ruminants accounts for 4– 12% of gross energy loss, and also causes environmental problems due to its remarkable global warming potential (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; Kumar et al., 2015).”
Background
Evaluation of the effects of biochar on diet digestibility and methane production from growing and finishing steers
Winders, T., Jolly-Breithaupt, M. L., Wilson, H. C., MacDonald, J. C., Erickson, G. E., & Watson, A. K. (2019) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txz027 · Cited by 59
“…doi: 10.1093/tas/txz027 INTRODUCTION Energy lost as methane (CH4) by ruminants can range from 2% to 12% of total gross energy Translate basic science to industry innovation 776 Winders et al. intake (GEI), but is variable depending on diet composition and energy density (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluential
Identification of Microbial Genetic Capacities and Potential Mechanisms Within the Rumen Microbiome Explaining Differences in Beef Cattle Feed Efficiency
Auffret, M. D., Stewart, R. D., Dewhurst, R. J., Duthie, C.-A., Watson, M., & Roehe, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01229 · Cited by 65
“However, it is used by methanogenic archaea to reduce CO2 to methane (CH4; Hungate, 1967) leading to the loss of feed gross energy, estimated at 2–12% (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Effects of seaweed extracts on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics, methane production, and microbial abundance
Choi, Y., Lee, S. J., Kim, H. S., Eom, J. S., Jo, S. U., Guan, L. L., Seo, J., Kim, H., Lee, S. S., & Lee, S. S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03356-y · Cited by 64
“The main objectives of this study were to: (1) identify the metabolites and potential antioxidants (including the flavonoid and phenol content) of the three brown seaweed extracts; (2) determine if the polyphenolic compounds in the seaweed extracts reduced enteric CH4 and CO2 production; (3) examine the effect of seaw…”
Enteric methane mitigation through Asparagopsis taxiformis supplementation and potential algal alternatives
Wasson, D. E., Yarish, C., & Hristov, A. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Animal Science · doi:10.3389/fanim.2022.999338 · Cited by 72
“In addition to the contribution of enteric CH4 to climate change, it also accounts for gross feed energy intake losses between 2 and 12% (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Reducing CH4 Emissions from Grazing Ruminants in New Zealand: Challenges and Opportunities
Clark, H., Kelliher, F. M., & Pinares-Patiño, C. S. (2010) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.2011.r.04 · Cited by 59
“Previous studies from Australia and North America (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; McGinn et al., 2006; Grainger et al., 2007) found that on average there is close agreement between values obtained using the two techniques but this has not always been found to be the case (Pinares-Patino et al., 2007a).”
Result
Bacteria and Methanogens Differ along the Gastrointestinal Tract of Chinese Roe Deer (Capreolus pygargus)
Li, Z., Zhang, Z., Xu, C., Zhao, J., Liu, H., Fan, Z., Yang, F., Wright, A. G., & Li, G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114513 · Cited by 59
“Enteric methane not only contributes to global warming and climate change, but also represents a significant energy loss to cattle ranging from 2% to 12% of gross energy intake [12, 13].”
Background
A high dose of monensin does not reduce methane emissions of dairy cows offered pasture supplemented with grain
Grainger, C. I., Williams, S. R. O., Eckard, R., & Hannah, M. C. (2010) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2010-3154 · Cited by 58
“However, others have shown that reductions in CH4 emissions due to monensin may not persist beyond several weeks (Johnson and Johnson, 1995; Sauer et al., 1998; Guan et al., 2006).”
Background
Responses of anaerobic rumen fungal diversity (phylum Neocallimastigomycota) to changes in bovine diet
Boots, B., Lillis, L. L., Clipson, N., Petrie, K., Kenny, D. A., Boland, T. M., & Doyle, E. M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.12067 · Cited by 58
“CH4 production from ruminants is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in economies reliant on livestock agriculture (Johnson and Johnson 1995).”
Background
Mitigation of enteric methane emissions from global livestock systems through nutrition strategies
Caro, D., Kebreab, E., & Mitloehner, F. M. (2016) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1686-1 · Cited by 58
“Decreasing fiber (neutral detergent fiber, NDF) proportion, while increasing the amount of crude fat (ether extract, EE) in dairy diet reduces enteric CH 4 emissions (Granger et al. 2008; Jordan et al. 2006; Johnson and Johnson 1995).”
Background
A Near-Field Gaussian Plume Inversion Flux Quantification Method, Applied to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Sampling
Shah, A., Allen, G., Pitt, J., Ricketts, H. M. A. M., Williams, P. I., Helmore, J., Finlayson, A., Robinson, R. A., Kabbabe, K., Hollingsworth, P. M., et al. (2019) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos10070396 · Cited by 58
In Vitro Evaluation of Different Dietary Methane Mitigation Strategies
Chagas, J. C. C., Ramin, M., & Krizsan, S. J. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9121120 · Cited by 64
“Methane losses from typical dairy cow diets are 6–7% of gross energy intake, but losses are approximately 3% in feedlot situations, indicating that feeding high-concentrate diets can reduce CH4 production [7].”
Background
Methane Emissions from Grazing Cattle Using Point‐Source Dispersion
McGinn, S. M., Turner, D., Tomkins, N. W., Charmley, E., Bishop-Hurley, G. J., & Chen, D. (2010) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2010.0239 · Cited by 57
“Th e CH4 loss by ruminants, arising from the process of fermenting carbohydrates, represents 2 to 12% of the gross energy content of the feed (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Evaluation of triticale dried distillers grains with solubles as a substitute for barley grain and barley silage in feedlot finishing diets1
Wierenga, K. T., McAllister, T. A., Gibb, D. J., Chaves, A. V., Okine, E. K., Beauchemin, K. A., & Oba, M. (2010) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2009-2703 · Cited by 57
“Propionate is a VFA that acts as a hydrogen sink and is associated with reduced methane production (Johnson and Johnson, 1995), a factor that may explain the increase in NEg content of the diet as triticale DDGS replaced barley silage.”
Background
Methane production and substrate degradation by rumen microbial communities containing single protozoal species in vitro
Ranilla, M. J., Jouany, J. P., & Morgavi, D. P. (2007) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02251.x · Cited by 57
“Ruminants are the main agricultural source of methane (Johnson and Johnson 1995) and the contribution of protozoa to the production of this greenhouse gas in the rumen has been estimated to be up to 37% (Finlay et al.”
Background
In vitro total and methane gas production as influenced by rate of nitrogen application, season of harvest and perennial ryegrass cultivar
Lovett, D. K., Bortolozzo, A., Conaghan, P., O’Kiely, P., & O’Mara, F. P. (2004) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.2004.00421.x · Cited by 57
Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Canadian dairy farms and mitigation options: An updated review
Jayasundara, S., Appuhamy, R., Kebreab, E., & Wagner‐Riddle, C. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1139/cjas-2015-0111 · Cited by 63
“…are two primary mechanisms that explain variation in enteric CH4 production in ruminants: dietary carbohydrate fermented in the rumen, and the mechanism regulating availability of hydrogen for CH4 production related to the stoichiometry of volatile fatty acid production (Johnson and Johnson 1995).”
Background
Rumen Symbioses
Mizrahi, I. (2013) · The Prokaryotes · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30194-0_1 · Cited by 56
Effects of nitrate addition to a diet on fermentation and microbial populations in the rumen of goats, with special reference to S elenomonas ruminantium having the ability to reduce nitrate and nitrite
Asanuma, N., Yokoyama, S., & Hino, T. (2014) · Animal Science Journal · doi:10.1111/asj.12307 · Cited by 56
Use of a novel nitrotoxin-metabolizing bacterium to reduce ruminal methane production
Anderson, R. C., & Rasmussen, M. A. (1998) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/s0960-8524(97)00184-3 · Cited by 56
Quantification of methane in humid air and exhaled breath using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry
Dryahina, K., Smith, D. C., & Španěl, P. (2010) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/rcm.4513 · Cited by 56
Predicting methane emissions of lactating Danish Holstein cows using Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy of milk
Shetty, N., Difford, G. F., Lassen, J., Løvendahl, P., & Buitenhuis, B. (2017) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13014 · Cited by 57
“In addition to its relevance on climate impact, the eructed CH4 induces a significant loss of gross energy intake as CH4 reduces the availability of consumed energy for the cow (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Manipulation of Rumen Fermentation and Methane Gas Production by Plant Secondary Metabolites (Saponin, Tannin and Essential Oil) – A Review of Ten-Year Studies
Jafari, S., Ebrahimi, M. M., Goh, Y. M., Rajion, M. A., Jahromi, M. F., & Al-Jumaili, W. S. (2018) · Annals of Animal Science · doi:10.2478/aoas-2018-0037 · Cited by 64
“This energy is eventually wasted in S. Jafari et al.4 the form of CH4 (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Estimating Methane Emissions from Dairy Cattle Housed in a Barn and Feedlot Using an Atmospheric Tracer
Kaharabata, S. K., Schuepp, P. H., & Desjardins, R. L. (2000) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es990578c · Cited by 56
Advances in pasture plant breeding for animal productivity and health
Woodfield, D., & Easton, H. S. (2004) · New Zealand Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1080/00480169.2004.36446 · Cited by 56
“Higher lipid content is also thought to provide a means to reduce methane emissions from ruminants (Johnson and Johnson 1995).”
Background
Assessment of grazing management on farm greenhouse gas intensity of beef production systems in the Canadian Prairies using life cycle assessment
Alemu, A. W., Janzen, H., Little, S., Hao, X., Thompson, D. J., Baron, V., Iwaasa, A., Beauchemin, K. A., & Kröbel, R. (2017) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2017.08.003 · Cited by 61
Effects of mulberry leaf flavonoid and resveratrol on methane emission and nutrient digestion in sheep
Chen, D., Chen, X., Tu, Y., Wang, B., Can, L., Ma, T., & Diao, Q. (2015) · Animal nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2015.12.008 · Cited by 58
“Depending on different diets, the amount of energy loss by CH4 emission represented a 2 to 12% energy loss of feed (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Background
Impact of condensed tannin-containing legumes on ruminal fermentation, nutrition, and performance in ruminants: a review
Kelln, B., Penner, G. B., Acharya, S. N., McAllister, T. A., & Lardner, H. A. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1139/cjas-2020-0096 · Cited by 71
“Given the high energy content in methane (CH4) (13.3 Mcal·kg −1; Aboagye 2019), the process of methane production represents an energetic loss to the animal, equivalent to as much as 12% of gross energy intake of the host (Czerkawski 1969; Johnson and Johnson 1995; Beauchemin et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of Plant Extracts on Microbial Population, Methane Emission and Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics in In vitro
Kim, E. T., Kim, C. H., Min, K., & Lee, S. S. (2012) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.2011.11447 · Cited by 55
In vitro rumen methane output of red clover and perennial ryegrass assayed using the gas production technique (GPT)
Navarro‐Villa, A., O’Brien, M., López, S., Boland, T. M., & O’Kiely, P. (2011) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.091 · Cited by 55
Effects of different tannin-rich extracts and rapeseed tannin monomers on methane formation and microbial protein synthesis in vitro
Wischer, G., Boguhn, J., Steingaß, H., Schollenberger, M., & Rodehutscord, M. (2013) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731113001481 · Cited by 58
Effects of fumaric acid supplementation on methane production and rumen fermentation in goats fed diets varying in forage and concentrate particle size
Li, Z., Liu, N., Cao, Y., Jin, C., Li, F., Cai, C., & Yao, J. (2018) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-018-0235-3 · Cited by 54
“Therefore, the metabolism of FA was slower in the animals fed lowFps:Cps diet than fed high-Fps:Cps diet, and the duration of the positive stimulation of FA on fumarate-utilizing bacteria became longer, resulting in greater responses in CH4 mitigation and propionate increase.”
Influential
Effect of oral nitroethane and 2-nitropropanol administration on methane-producing activity and volatile fatty acid production in the ovine rumen
Anderson, R. C., Carstens, G. E., Miller, R. K., Callaway, T. R., Schultz, C. L., Edrington, T. S., Harvey, R. B., & Nisbet, D. J. (2005) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.10.013 · Cited by 55
“…feature of these nitrocompounds is that they also inhibit the growth of the zoonotic pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter and Salmonella (Dimitrijevic et al., 2005; Jung et al., 2003, 2004a,b) and thus have the potential to be developed into a responsible preharvest food safety program.”
Background
Effects of tea saponin supplementation on nutrient digestibility, methanogenesis, and ruminal microbial flora in dorper crossbred ewe
Liu, Y., Ma, T., Chen, D., Zhang, N., Si, B., Deng, K., Tu, Y., & Diao, Q. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9010029 · Cited by 54
“5% of the methane is produced by feed fermentation in the rumen [4] and is exhaled through the nose and mouth; it represents a loss of 2–12% of the feed energy, depending on the diet [5].”
Background
Grazing alters net ecosystem C fluxes and the global warming potential of a subtropical pasture
Gomez‐Casanovas, N., DeLucia, N. J., Bernacchi, C. J., Boughton, E. H., Sparks, J. P., Chamberlain, S. D., & DeLucia, E. H. (2017) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.1670 · Cited by 54
Microbial composition, rumen fermentation parameters, enteric methane emissions, and lactational performance of phenotypically high and low methane-emitting dairy cows
Stepanchenko, N., Stefenoni, H., Hennessy, M. L., Nagaraju, I., Wasson, D. E., Cueva, S. F., Räisänen, S. E., Dechow, C. D., Pitta, D., & Hristov, A. N. (2023) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2022-23190 · Cited by 62
Opportunities and challenges in the use of the Laser Methane Detector to monitor enteric methane emissions from ruminants
Chagunda, M. G. G. (2013) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731113000724 · Cited by 54
“At animal level, the production of enteric methane represents an energy loss, which can range from 0.02 to 0.12 of gross energy intake, varying with the type of diet fed (Johnson and Johnson 1995; Ellis et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Predicting livestock productivity and methane emissions in northern Australia: development of a bio-economic modelling approach
Charmley, E., Stephens, M., & Kennedy, P. M. (2008) · Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture · doi:10.1071/ea07264 · Cited by 54
“Low animal productivity is associated with high methane output per unit of product and low pasture quality is associated with high methane output per unit of dry matter (DM) intake (Johnson and Johnson 1995).”
Background
Utilization of farm animal genetic resources in a changing agro-ecological environment in the Nordic countries
Kantanen, J., LÃ¸vendahl, P., Strandberg, E., Eythórsdóttir, E., Li, M.-H., Kettunen-PrÃ¦bel, A., Berg, P., & Meuwissen, T. H. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00052 · Cited by 59
“There have been several methods used to measure CH4 concentrations, such as gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and a tunable laser diode technique (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
Method
Effects of nitrocompounds and feedstuffs on in vitro methane production in chicken cecal contents and rumen fluid
Saengkerdsub, S., Kim, W.-K., Anderson, R. C., Nisbet, D. J., & Ricke, S. C. (2006) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.11.006 · Cited by 54
“Methane, a greenhouse gas, accounts for 2–12% of dietary energy loss in ruminants [14].”
Background
Methane emissions, feed intake, and performance of finishing beef cattle offered maize silages harvested at 4 different stages of maturity1
Geough, E. J. M., O’Kiely, P., Foley, P. A., Hart, K. J., Boland, T. M., & Kenny, D. A. (2009) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2009-2380 · Cited by 80
“Methane also represents a loss of energy for the animal, accounting for 0.02 to 0.12 of GE intake (Johnson and Johnson, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluential
Investigating temporal microbial dynamics in the rumen of beef calves raised on two farms during early life
O’Hara, E., Kenny, D. A., McGovern, E., Byrne, C. J., McCabe, M. S., Guan, L. L., & Waters, S. M. (2020) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiz203 · Cited by 62
Methane emissions from feedlot cattle in Australia and Canada
McGinn, S. M., Chen, D., Loh, Z. M., Hill, J., Beauchemin, K. A., & Denmead, O. T. (2008) · Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture · doi:10.1071/ea07204 · Cited by 54
“However, the composition of the feed also influences enteric CH4 losses (Johnson and Johnson 1995); over the short-term (several weeks) diets consisting of high forage increase CH4 emissions (g CH4/day), CH4 yield (g CH4/kg dry matter intake) and CH4 % of gross energy (GE) relative to high grain diets (Beauchemin and…”
Background
Methanogen genomics to discover targets for methane mitigation technologies and options for alternative H2 utilisation in the rumen.
Attwood, G., & McSweeney, C. (2008) · Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture · doi:10.1071/ea07203 · Cited by 72
“In addition to its greenhouse gas effects, the formation of methane is energetically wasteful to ruminants as it results in the loss of 2–12% of the gross energy consumed by the animal (Johnson and Johnson 1995).”
Background
Assessing the impact of rumen microbial communities on methane emissions and production traits in Holstein cows in a tropical climate
Cunha, C. S., Veloso, C. M., Marcondes, M. I., Mantovani, H. C., Tomich, T. R., Pereira, L. G. R., Ferreira, M. F. L., Dill‐McFarland, K. A., & Suen, G. (2017) · Systematic and Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2017.07.008 · Cited by 55
“The release of methane not only deprives the host of important carbon resources [17] but also significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming [15].”
Background

Authors: Johnson, K. A., & Johnson, D. E.
Affiliations: Washington State University (US)
ORCID: Johnson, K. A.
Venue: Journal of Animal Science
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1995-08-01
Volume: 73
Issue: 8
Pages: 2483-2492
ISSN: 0021-8812 (ISSN-L)
1525-3163
DOI: 10.2527/1995.7382483x
OpenAlex: W1837026033
Cited by: 2,714
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 131 · 2025: 157 · 2024: 174 · 2023: 159 · 2022: 197 · 2021: 158 · 2020: 154 · 2019: 133 · 2018: 135 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 160 · 2015: 161 · 2014: 150 · 2013: 105 · 2012: 114
FWCI: 9.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Animal Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
Keywords: methane emissions, cattle, ruminant livestock, enteric methane, global warming, methane mitigation, feed intake, dietary carbohydrates, feed processing, dietary fat, ionophores, tracer techniques, mass balance, micrometeorological methods, methane budget
MeSH terms: Animals, Animal Feed, Atmosphere, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Chromatography, Gas, Diet, Eating, Eructation, Female, Fermentation, Methane, Rumen, Mass Spectrometry, Greenhouse Effect

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Methane emissions from cattle

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