Development of a screening protocol to identify individuals with dysfunctional breathing
Open accessAbstract
Introduction Dysfunctional breathing (DB) has been linked to health conditions including low back pain and neck pain and adversely effects the musculoskeletal system. Individuals with DB often have decreased pain thresholds and impaired motor control, balance, and movement. No single test or screen identifies DB, which is multi-dimensional, and includes biochemical, biomechanical, and psychophysiological components. Several tools assess and test for DB, but no screen exists to determine whether additional testing and assessment are indicated. Purpose/background The purpose of this study was to develop a breathing screening procedure that could be utilized by fitness and healthcare providers to screen for the presence of disordered breathing. A diagnostic test study approach was utilized to establish the diagnostic accuracy of the newly developed screen for DB. Methods A convenience sample of 51 subjects (27 females, 27.0 years, BMI 23.3) were included. To test for DB related to the biochemical dimension, end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) was measured with a capnography unit. To test for DB related to biomechanical dimension, the Hi-Lo test was utilized. To test for DB related to the psychophysiological dimension, the Self Evaluation of Breathing Symptoms Questionnaire (SEBQ) and Nijmegen questionnaires were utilized. Potential screening items that have been shown to be related to DB in previous research and that could be performed by non-health care personnel were utilized to create the…
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A lack of understanding amongst Health Care Professionals (HCP's) has been reported within the literature.
“With this in mind, it is no surprise that a lack of understanding amongst Health Care Professionals (HCP's) has been reported within the literature (17,18).”
From How is dysfunctional breathing characterised in the clinical literature? A scoping review (2026) · cites this paper as [18]
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How is dysfunctional breathing characterised in the clinical literature? A scoping review
Sanchez-Bracero, D., Baker, K., Archer, T., Shaw, T., & Palmer, J. (2026) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2025.108546 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kiesel, K., Rhodes, T., Mueller, J., Waninger, A., & Butler, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Evansville (US)
- Director of Performance, St. Louis Cardinals, St. Louis, MO, USA
- ORCID
- Butler, Robert
- Venue
- International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 774-786
- ISSN
- 2159-2896 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5685417
- OpenAlex
- W2792117767
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory and Cough-Related Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Myofascial pain diagnosis and treatment
- Keywords
- dysfunctional breathing, breath-hold time, end-tidal carbon dioxide, capnography, Nijmegen questionnaire, Functional Movement Screen, diagnostic accuracy, low back pain, neck pain, musculoskeletal pain, respiration rate, healthcare workers, sensitivity and specificity
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