Systematic Evaluation of Phantom Fluids for Simultaneous PET/MR Hybrid Imaging
Open accessAbstract
UNLABELLED: With the recent advent of integrated PET/MR hybrid systems, the need for simultaneous PET and MR phantom measurements arises. Phantom fluids that are used in stand-alone MR systems, especially in larger phantoms and at a high magnetic field strength, are not necessarily applicable in PET imaging and vice versa. In this study, different approaches to fluid selection were considered and systematically evaluated with respect to their usability for simultaneous PET/MR phantom imaging. METHODS: Demineralized water, water with increased electrical conductivity, a water-oil emulsion, and monoethylene and triethylene glycol were investigated in MR and PET measurements using the most common PET tracer (18)F-FDG. As an alternative to (18)F-FDG, a modified PET tracer ((18)F-fluoride Kryptofix 222 complex) was investigated toward its ability to dissolve in pure oil, which provides good signal homogeneity in MR imaging. Measurements were performed on a 3.0 T integrated PET/MR whole-body system using a National Electrical Manufacturers Association quality-standard phantom. RESULTS: All tested fluids dissolved the radiotracer (18)F-FDG homogeneously. Regarding their suitability for MR at 3.0 T, all fluids significantly improved the homogeneity compared to pure water (increase of excitation flip angle within the tested phantom by a factor of 2.0). When the use of (18)F-FDG was preferred, triethylene glycol provided the best compromise (flip angle increase by a factor of 1.13). The potential alternative tracer, (18)F-fluoride Kryptofix 222 complex, dissolved in pure oil; however, it is not optimal in its tested composition because it accumulates at the bottom of the phantom during the time of measurement. CONCLUSION: This study provides a systematic approach toward phantom fluid selection for imaging a given quality-standard body phantom--and phantoms of comparable size--at 3.0 T. For simultaneous PET/MR scans using the standard tracer (18)F-FDG, an alternative fluid to water and oil is proposed that serves as a viable option for both imaging modalities. Nevertheless, when water is preferred, ways to improve MR image homogeneity are presented. The tested alternative PET tracer enables the use of pure oil in combined scans, but the tracer composition needs to be optimized for phantom measurement applications.
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Cross-calibration of PET/MRI scanners is generally hampered by water-filled phantoms, which can produce substantial artifacts in the MR-AC sequence with corresponding SUV errors.
“It should also be noted that cross-calibration of PET/MRI scanners is generally hampered by water-filled phantoms, which are commonly used for SUV calibration in PET/CT and can produce substantial artifacts in the MR-AC sequence with corresponding SUV errors [63,64].”
From Influences on PET Quantification and Interpretation (2022) · cites this paper as [63]
The MR Imaging section (page unavailable) reports that pure water produces artifacts in attenuation-correction images and assigned attenuation values. The Discussion (page unavailable) identifies homogeneous phantom imaging as a prerequisite for MR-based attenuation correction, but does not report corresponding SUV errors or establish that PET/MRI cross-calibration is generally hampered. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Ziegler, S., Braun, H., Ritt, P., Hocke, C., Kuwert, T., & Quick, H. H.
- Affiliations
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Nuclear Medicine
- Publisher
- Society of Nuclear Medicine
- Published
- 2013-06-21
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1464-1471
- ISSN
- 0161-5505 (ISSN-L)
- 2159-662X
- OpenAlex
- W2163030916
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Nuclear Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications
- Keywords
- PET/MR imaging, phantom fluid, 18F-FDG, triethylene glycol, water-oil emulsions
- MeSH terms
- Feasibility Studies, Fluorides, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Time Factors, Phantoms, Imaging, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Positron-Emission Tomography
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