Psychosocial Modeling of Insider Threat Risk Based on Behavioral and Word Use Analysis
Abstract
In many insider crimes, managers and other coworkers observed that the offenders had exhibited signs of stress, disgruntlement, or other issues, but no alarms were raised. Barriers to using such psychosocial indicators include the inability to recognize the signs and the failure to record the behaviors so that they can be assessed. A psychosocial model was developed to assess an employee’s behavior associated with an increased risk of insider abuse. The model is based on case studies and research literature on factors/correlates associated with precursor behavioral manifestations of individuals committing insider crimes. A complementary Personality Trait modeling approach was developed based on analysis to derive relevant personality characteristics from word use. Several implementations of the psychosocial model were evaluated by comparing their agreement with judgments of human resources and management professionals; the personality trait modeling approach was examined using email samples. The paper also briefly discusses privacy/ethical issues in behavioral monitoring for insider threat detection and a vision for operational deployment of an approach that incorporates these models into a set of management tools for identifying employees who pose a greater insider threat.
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Greitzer and colleagues' behavioural modelling demonstrates that psychosocial indicators frequently precede insider incidents but require contextual human interpretation.
“Greitzer and colleagues' behavioural modelling demonstrates that psychosocial indicators frequently precede insider incidents but require contextual human interpretation [24]”
From Geopolitical competition, online radicalisation, and organisational culture as vectors of the evolving insider threat (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The peer-reviewed literature documents a correlation between financial distress and susceptibility to insider behaviour, whether through direct motivation for financial gain or through increased vulnerability to recruitment.
“The peer-reviewed literature documents a correlation between financial distress and susceptibility to insider behaviour, whether through direct motivation for financial gain or through increased vulnerability to recruitment [24, 46].”
From Geopolitical competition, online radicalisation, and organisational culture as vectors of the evolving insider threat (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
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- Authors
- Greitzer, Kangas, Noonan, Brown, & Ferryman
- Venue
- e-Service Journal
- Publisher
- Indiana University Press
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 106
- ISSN
- 1528-8226 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2082478562
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 9.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- e-Service Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information and Cyber Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › User Authentication and Security Systems
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › AI and HR Technologies
- Keywords
- insider threats, psychosocial risk assessment, behavioral indicators, email analysis, behavioral monitoring, privacy and ethics
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