Development of a Structured Interview for Assessing Student Use of Self-Regulated Learning Strategies
Abstract
Forty male and female l0th-grade students from a high achievement track and 40 from other (lower) achievement tracks of a suburban high school were interviewed concerning their use of self-regulated learning strategies during class, homework, and study. Fourteen categories of self-regulation strategies were identified from student answers that dealt with six learning contexts. High achieving students displayed significantly greater use of 13 categories of self-regulated learning. The students’ membership in their respective achievement group was predicted with 93% accuracy using their reports of self-regulated learning. When compared to students’ gender and socioeconomic status indices in regression analyses, self-regulated learning measures proved to be the best predictor of standardized achievement test scores. The results were discussed in terms of a social learning view of self-regulated learning.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925 · see citing works
Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation.
Bandura, A., & Schunk, D. H. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.3.586 · Cited by 2,675 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance.
Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.33 · Cited by 8,332 · see citing works
Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning
Bandura, A. (1993) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3 · Cited by 7,655 · see citing works
Becoming a Self-Regulated Learner: An Overview
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2 · Cited by 7,305 · see citing works
Self-citationZimmerman, B. J. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50031-7 · Cited by 6,069 · see citing works
Self-citationZimmerman, B. J. (2008) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831207312909 · Cited by 3,735 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: An Overview
Zimmerman, B. J. (1990) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2 · Cited by 3,687 · see citing works
Self-citationA social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning.
Zimmerman, B. J. (1989) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.329 · Cited by 3,807 · see citing works
Self-citationA Conceptual Framework for Assessing Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning in College Students
Pintrich, P. R. (2004) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-004-0006-x · Cited by 3,269 · see citing works
A Review of Self-regulated Learning: Six Models and Four Directions for Research
Panadero, E. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00422 · Cited by 2,915 · see citing works
“First, the subprocesses present in Zimmerman’s model are partly based on the results found in the validation process of the Self-Regulated Learning Interview Schedule (SRLIS) (Zimmerman and Martinez-Pons, 1986, 1988).”
MethodMeasuring Self-Regulated Learning
Winne, P. H., & Perry, N. E. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50045-7 · Cited by 1,383 · see citing works
Kizilcec, R. F., Pérez-Sanagustín, M., & Maldonado, J. J. (2017) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.10.001 · Cited by 1,003 · see citing works
From cognitive modeling to self-regulation: a social cognitive career path.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2013) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2013.794676 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of motivation: evaluating an underemphasized aspect of self-regulated learning.
Wolters, C. A. (2003) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3804_1 · Cited by 975 · see citing works
Social origins of self-regulatory competence
Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (1997) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3204_1 · Cited by 937 · see citing works
Self-citationMoreno, R., Mayer, R. E., Spires, H. A., & Lester, J. C. (2001) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci1902_02 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Sitzmann, T., & Ely, K. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0022777 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Harackiewicz, J. M., Barron, K. E., Tauer, J. M., Carter, S. M., & Elliot, A. J. (2000) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.2.316 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Sierens, E., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., Soenens, B., & Dochy, F. (2009) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709908x304398 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Models of self-regulated learning: a review.
Puustinen, M., & Pulkkinen, L. (2001) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313830120074206 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
A predictive study of student satisfaction in online education programs
Kuo, Y.-C., Walker, A. E., Belland, B. R., & Schroder, K. E. E. (2013) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v14i1.1338 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Wolters, C. A., & Rosenthal, H. (2000) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/s0883-0355(00)00051-3 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Contributions of study skills to academic competence.
Gettinger, M., & Seibert, J. K. (2002) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2002.12086160 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Roth, A., Ogrin, S., & Schmitz, B. (2016) · Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability · doi:10.1007/s11092-015-9229-2 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: A Phenomenological View
McCombs, B. L. (1989) · Springer Series in Cognitive Development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3618-4_3 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Dahri, N. A., Yahaya, N., Al-Rahmi, W. M., Aldraiweesh, A., Alturki, U., Almutairy, S., Shutaleva, A., & Soomro, R. B. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29317 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Self‐monitoring during collegiate studying: An invaluable tool for academic self‐regulation
Zimmerman, B. J., & Paulsen, A. S. (1995) · New Directions for Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1002/tl.37219956305 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationDiscriminating factors between completers of and dropouts from online learning courses
Lee, Y., Choi, J., & Kim, T. (2013) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2012.01306.x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Dinsmore, D. L., & Alexander, P. A. (2012) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-012-9198-7 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Student perceptions of classroom feedback
Gamlem, S. M., & Smith, K. (2013) · Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2012.749212 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Learning Benefits of Self-Controlled Knowledge of Results in 10-Year-Old Children
Chiviacowsky, S., Wulf, G., de Medeiros, F. L., Kaefer, A., & Tani, G. (2008) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2008.10599505 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Effects of self-regulation scaffolding on online participation and learning outcomes
Song, D., & Kim, D. (2021) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2020.1767525 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Enhancing learning outcomes through self-regulated learning support with an Open Learner Model
Long, Y., & Aleven, V. (2017) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1007/s11257-016-9186-6 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Munshi, A., Biswas, G., Baker, R., Ocumpaugh, J., Hutt, S., & Paquette, L. (2023) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12761 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Alvarez, R. P., Jivet, I., Perez-Sanagustin, M., Scheffel, M., & Verbert, K. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2022.3193271 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Shi, J., Liu, W., & Hu, K. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15050705 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
de la Fuente, J., Martínez-Vicente, J. M., Santos, F. H., Sander, P., Fadda, S., Karagiannopoulou, E., Boruchovitch, E., & Kauffman, D. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.861493 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Sibley, M. H., Graziano, P. A., Ortiz, M., Rodriguez, L., & Coxe, S. (2019) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2019.10.005 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Adapting Self-Regulated Learning in an Age of Generative Artificial Intelligence Chatbots
Lai, J. W. (2024) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi16060218 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Wang, Y., & Sperling, R. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.00058 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
de la Fuente, J., & Martínez-Vicente, J. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1299224 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mohammadi, R. R., Saeidi, M., & Abdollahi, A. (2023) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2023.103120 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Exploring Organic Chemistry I students’ responses to an exam wrapper intervention.
Grandoit, E., Bergdoll, R., Rosales, E., Turbeville, D., Mayer, S., & Horowitz, G. (2020) · Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.14434/josotl.v20i1.24825 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zimmerman, B. J., & Pons, M. M.
- Affiliations
- City University of New York (US)
- City University of New York
- ORCID
- Zimmerman, Barry J.
- Venue
- American Educational Research Journal
- Published
- 1986-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 614-628
- ISSN
- 0002-8312 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-1011
- OpenAlex
- W2046447424
- Cited by
- 2,038
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 102 · 2013: 109 · 2012: 92
- FWCI
- 7.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Educational Research Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Keywords
- student self-regulation, structured interviews, high-achieving students, learning strategies, standardized test scores, social learning theory, gender differences, socioeconomic status, high school students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review