Effects of self-regulation scaffolding on online participation and learning outcomes
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether an interactive self-regulation scaffolding increases levels of online learners’ self-regulated learning skills, course participation, and learning performance. The intervention utilizes a dialog approach with an intelligent conversational agent to scaffold learners’ self-regulated learning. Fifty-six graduate students participated in this study over a semester and were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (1) an experimental condition where a scaffold was provided through the conversational agent and (2) a control condition where the self-regulated learning information was given, but any scaffolds were not provided. The results revealed that the scaffolded group showed higher self-regulated learning level gains than the control group. Additionally, the relationships between self-regulated learning, course participation, and learning performance were investigated.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Recent studies have shown that the use of conversational agents could be useful to support students' self-regulated learning in online environments.
“Recent studies have shown that the use of conversational agents could be useful to support students’ self-regulated learning in online environments (Scheu & Benke, 2022; Song & Kim, 2021).”
From Designing learning technology collaboratively: analysis of a chatbot co-design (2023) · cites this paper as Song & Kim, 2021
Cites
SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03206553 · Cited by 17,383 · see citing works
Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance.
Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.33 · Cited by 8,332 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Pintrich and DeGroot (1990) reviewed a variety of definitions of self-regulated learning and identified three common components of self-regulated learning: (1) metacognitive strategies (e.g., planning, monitoring, and modifying cognition), (2) task management and control, and (3) actual cognitive…”
BackgroundMethodBecoming a Self-Regulated Learner: An Overview
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2 · Cited by 7,305 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The self-regulatory process can be learned and scaffolded from instruction and modeling by others (Zimmerman, 2002).”
BackgroundZimmerman, B. J. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50031-7 · Cited by 6,069 · see citing works
Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Titz, W., & Perry, R. P. (2002) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3702_4 · Cited by 3,931 · see citing works
A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning.
Zimmerman, B. J. (1989) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.329 · Cited by 3,807 · see citing works
Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: An Overview
Zimmerman, B. J. (1990) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2 · Cited by 3,687 · see citing works
Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Mslq)
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T., & Mckeachie, W. J. (1993) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164493053003024 · Cited by 3,646 · see citing works
Journal of Universal Computer Science
Salomaa, A. K., Calude, C. S., & Maurer, H. A. (2020) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.3217/jucs-000-00-0109 · Cited by 3,394 · see citing works
(1991) · Cited by 3,259 · see citing works
Zimmerman, B. J., & Pons, M. M. (1986) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312023004614 · Cited by 2,038 · see citing works
Broadbent, J., & Poon, W. L. (2015) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.04.007 · Cited by 1,692 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Given the report that learners ’ self-regulated learning strategies typically predict their academic achievement (Broadbent & Poon, 2015), it may need some time for learners to utilize their self-regulated learning strategies after perceiving their improved skill levels.”
BackgroundClassroom Applications of Research on Self-Regulated Learning
Paris, S. G., & Paris, A. H. (2001) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3602_4 · Cited by 1,343 · see citing works
Attaining self-regulation : a social cognitive perspective
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Constructivism and computer‐mediated communication in distance education
Jonassen, D., Davidson, M., Collins, M., Campbell, J., & Haag, B. B. (1995) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923649509526885 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
How can primary school students learn self-regulated learning strategies most effectively?
Dignath, C., Buettner, G., & Langfeldt, H.-P. (2008) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2008.02.003 · Cited by 903 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This is consistent with the previous studies that showed self-regulated learning could be scaffolded (Dignath et al., 2008; Kramarski & Michalsky, 2009; Schmitz & Wiese, 2006).”
BackgroundResultDoes Training on Self-Regulated Learning Facilitate Students' Learning With Hypermedia?
Azevedo, R., & Cromley, J. G. (2004) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.96.3.523 · Cited by 859 · see citing works
Klassen, R. M., Krawchuk, L. L., & Rajani, S. (2008) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.07.001 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Azevedo, R., & Hadwin, A. F. (2005) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-005-1272-9 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Student participation in the college classroom: an extended multidisciplinary literature review
Rocca, K. A. (2010) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634520903505936 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Schmitz, B., & Wiese, B. S. (2006) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2005.02.002 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Effectiveness of learning strategy instruction on academic performance: A meta-analysis
Donker, A. S., de Boer, H., Kostons, D., Dignath van Ewijk, C. C., & van der Werf, M. P. C. (2014) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2013.11.002 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Puzziferro, M. (2008) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923640802039024 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Procrastination, participation, and performance in online learning environments
Michinov, N., Brunot, S., Bohec, O. L., Juhel, J., & Delaval, M. (2010) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.07.025 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Azevedo, R., Moos, D. C., Greene, J. A., Winters, F. I., & Cromley, J. G. (2008) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-007-9067-0 · Cited by 380 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The scaffolded group successfully utilized their self-regulatory processes in the online environment (Azevedo et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodGreen, J., Liem, G. A. D., Martin, A. J., Colmar, S., Marsh, H. W., & McInerney, D. M. (2012) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.016 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
What is online learner participation? A literature review
Hrastinski, S. (2008) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.05.005 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Enhancing student motivation and engagement: The effects of a multidimensional intervention
Martin, A. J. (2008) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2006.11.003 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Self-regulation in a web-based course: A case study
Whipp, J. L., & Chiarelli, S. (2004) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02504714 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Investigating preservice teachers' professional growth in self-regulated learning environments.
Kramarski, B., & Michalsky, T. (2009) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013101 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Motivation, learning strategies, participation and medical school performance
Stegers‐Jager, K. M., Cohen‐Schotanus, J., & Themmen, A. P. N. (2012) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04284.x · Cited by 251 · see citing works
van den Boom, G., Paas, F., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & van Gog, T. (2004) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2003.10.001 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
van den Boom, G., Paas, F., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2007) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.09.003 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
A Self-regulated Learning Perspective on Student Engagement
Wolters, C. A., & Taylor, D. J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_30 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Motivational factors in self-directed informal learning from online learning resources
Song, D., & Bonk, C. J. (2016) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2016.1205838 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationΛαζακίδου, Γ., & Retalis, S. (2009) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.02.020 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Wang, T. (2011) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.01.003 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Intelligent agent supported personalization for virtual learning environments
Dongming Xu, A., & Wang, H. (2005) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2005.05.033 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Sociodemographic Diversity and Distance Education: Who Drops Out from Academic Programs and Why?
Stoessel, K., Ihme, T. A., Barbarino, M., Fisseler, B., & Stürmer, S. (2014) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-014-9343-x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Morse, D. T. (1999) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131649921969901 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Interacting with a conversational agent system for educational purposes in online courses.”
Song, D., Oh, E. Y., & Rice, M. (2017) · 2017 10th International Conference on Human System Interactions (HSI) · doi:10.1109/hsi.2017.8005002 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationParticipation in Online Courses and Interaction With a Virtual Agent
Song, D., Rice, M. P., & Oh, E. Y. (2019) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v20i1.3998 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-regulated learning: a literature review
Duckworth, K. (2009) · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Has W eb 2.0 revitalized informal learning? The relationship between W eb 2.0 and informal learning
Song, D., & Lee, J. (2014) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12056 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationJournal of Educational Computing Research
(2009) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/ec.41.4.f · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Oh, E. Y., Song, D., & Hong, H. (2019) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633119839177 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationThet-TestpValue and Its Relationship to the Effect Size andP(X>Y)
Browne, R. H. (2010) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1198/tast.2010.08261 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Toward Project-based Learning and Team Formation in Open Learning Environments
Spoelstra, H., Sloep, P., & van Rosmalen, P. (2020) · DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands) · doi:10.3217/jucs-020-01-0057 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The impact of technology on U.S. and worldwide higher education
Dennis, M. J. (2017) · Enrollment Management Report · doi:10.1002/emt.30372 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cho, E., Cho, Y. H., Grant, M. M., Song, D., & Huh, Y. (2020) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-020-00493-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Deng, X., & Yu, Z. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15042940 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
“3 Song and Kim (2021) [16] 56 (27/29) 15 weeks Partner Instructional technology Learning achievement”
BackgroundAn analysis of children’ interaction with an AI chatbot and its impact on their interest in reading
Liu, C.-C., Liao, M.-G., Chang, C.-H., & Lin, H.-M. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104576 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Xu, Z., Zhao, Y., Liew, J., Zhou, X., & Kogut, A. (2023) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100510 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Exploring “Flow” in young Chinese EFL learners' online English learning activities
Liu, H., & Song, X. (2021) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2020.102425 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
How educational chatbots support self-regulated learning? A systematic review of the literature
Guan, R., Raković, M., Chen, G., & Gašević, D. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12881-y · Cited by 162 · see citing works
How pedagogical agents communicate with students: A two-phase systematic review
Sikström, P., Valentini, C., Sivunen, A. E., & Kärkkäinen, T. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104564 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Yusuf, H., Money, A., & Daylamani-Zad, D. (2025) · Educational technology research and development · doi:10.1007/s11423-025-10447-4 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Song, D., Hong, H., & Oh, E. Y. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106746 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of chatbots on learning: a meta-analysis of empirical research
Alemdağ, E. (2023) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2023.2255698 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Wang, F., Cheung, A. C. K., Neitzel, A. J., & Chai, C. S. (2025) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543241255621 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Chai, C. S., Jong, M. S., & Xiong, X. B. (2021) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-021-00579-5 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Üstün, A. B., Zhang, K., Yılmaz, F. G. K., & Yılmaz, R. (2022) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2022.2040401 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Liu, X., Guo, B., He, W., & Hu, X. (2025) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331251329185 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Designing learning technology collaboratively: analysis of a chatbot co-design
Durall Gazulla, E., Martins, L., & Fernández-Ferrer, M. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11162-w · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Alemdağ, E., & Yıldırım, Z. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104574 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Effects of Using Scaffolding in Online Learning: A Meta-Analysis
Zuo, M., Kong, S., Ma, Y., Hu, Y., & Xiao, M. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13070705 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
ElSayad, G. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12466-9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Younas, M. S., Ismayil, I., El‐Dakhs, D. A. S., & Anwar, B. (2025) · Open Praxis · doi:10.55982/openpraxis.17.3.842 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Guntur, M., & Purnomo, Y. W. (2024) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v28i3.4025 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Han, I., Ji, H., Jin, S., & Choi, K. (2026) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-025-09434-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Tsai, C., Lee, L., Lin, M. Y.-C., Cheng, Y.-P., Lin, C.-H., & Tsai, M. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105305 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Online learners’ self-regulated learning skills regarding LMS interactions: a profiling study
Çakıroğlu, Ü., Kokoç, M., & Atabay, M. (2024) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-024-09397-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bernuy, A. Z., Han, Z., Shaikh, H., Zheng, Q. Y., Lim, L.-A., Rafferty, A. N., Petersen, A., & Williams, J. J. (2022) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3506860.3506874 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Supporting students goal setting process using chatbot: implementation in a fully online course
Du, J., Huang, W., & Hew, K. F. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering · doi:10.1109/tale52509.2021.9678564 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tondeur, J., Howard, S. K., Scherer, R., & Siddiq, F. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104866 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Huang, X., Dong, L., Chinnappan, C. V., & Praveen Kumar, D. (2022) · International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction · doi:10.4018/ijthi.306226 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The influence of social media literacy on student engagement in online learning
Tran‐Duong, Q. H., & Vo‐Thi, N. (2023) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12849 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Do Pedagogical Agents Enhance Student Motivation? Unraveling the Evidence Through Meta-Analysis
Gladstone, J. R., Schroeder, N. L., Heidig, S., Zhang, S., Palaguachi, C., & Pitera, M. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10050-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Li, Y., Hu, W., & Li, Y. (2025) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-025-10448-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Analysing Conversation Pathways with a Chatbot Tutor to Enhance Self-Regulation in Higher Education
Martins, L., Fernández-Ferrer, M., & Puertas, E. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14060590 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Susiani, K., Dharsana, I. K., Suartama, I. K., Suranata, K., & Yasa, I. N. (2022) · International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies · doi:10.53894/ijirss.v5i4.681 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Scaffolding self-regulated learning in student-generated questioning using mobile phones
Song, D., & Glazewski, K. D. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11627-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationSui, C., Yen, M.-H., & Chang, C. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12715-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Design based Retrieval Augmented Generation Oriented Education Chatbot: Edubot
Pandey, T., Yadav, A., Sharma, J., & Singhal, S. (2024) · International Conference on Advances in Computation, Communication and Information Technology (ICAICCIT) · doi:10.1109/icaiccit64383.2024.10912174 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Effect of Self-regulation and Motivation to Outcomes Learning Using Blended Learning Approach
Susanna, F. H. (2021) · Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ernawati, M. D. W., Sudarmin, S., Asrial, A., Muhammad, D., & Haryanto, H. (2022) · Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia · doi:10.15294/jpii.v11i2.33842 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ortiz, L. G., Maina, M. F., Lanzo, N. C., & Fernández-Ferrer, M. (2024) · Revista de Educación a Distancia (RED) · doi:10.6018/red.599511 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Yorgancı, S. (2025) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-025-10459-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Zheng, L., Shi, Z., Fu, Z., & Liu, S. (2025) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-025-10204-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Keeping motivation on track by metamotivational knowledge: AMEE Guide No. 160
Alizadeh, M., Parmelee, D. X., Taylor, D., Norouzi, S., & Norouzi, A. (2023) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2023.2190482 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Smart Tutors: improving the quality of higher education through AI
Cairo, D. R., & Echavarría, Y. R. (2023) · LatIA · doi:10.62486/latia20238 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Promoting Interdisciplinary Learning With Generative AI Through Self‐Regulated Scaffolding
Xia, Q., Yang, Y., Wang, W., & Yin, H. (2026) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1002/jcal.70214 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Enhancing online participation in education: quarter century of research
Granić, A. (2022) · Journal of Computers in Education · doi:10.1007/s40692-022-00238-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The online survey in qualitative research: can AI act as a probing tool?
Williams, R., & Ingleby, E. (2025) · Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics · doi:10.3389/frma.2025.1519008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Eltahir, M. E., Alsalhi, N. R., Torrisi‐Steele, G., & Al-Qatawneh, S. S. (2023) · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · doi:10.3991/ijet.v18i01.36005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Herdiana, & Munir, S. (2023) · JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia) · doi:10.23887/jpiundiksha.v12i3.61213 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Autoeficacia y logro de aprendizaje en estudiantes con diferente estilo cognitivo en un videojuego
Vargas, O. L., Bermúdez-Martínez, M., & Rodríguez, L. B. S. (2022) · Revista Colombiana de Educación · doi:10.17227/rce.num85-12499 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pandita, D., & Kumar, V. V. R. (2022) · Higher Education Skills and Work-based Learning · doi:10.1108/heswbl-03-2022-0059 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exploring Scaffolding Mechanisms for Learning Regulation in Immersive Collaborative VR Environments
Pflieger, L. C. J., Baumann, T., Hartmann, M., Koch, L., Kern, F., Kullmann, P., Grafe, S., Latoschik, M. E., & Bannert, M. (2026) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-026-09959-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bui, N., Collier, J., Öztürk, Y. E., & Song, D. (2025) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-025-01066-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationXing, W. (2022) · Distance Education · doi:10.1080/01587919.2022.2088476 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Akar, H., Yilmaz-Na, E., Ayan-Civak, R., & Kandemir, A. (2022) · Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange · doi:10.18785/jetde.1502.01 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Huang, C.-Q., Lu, L.-N., Huang, Q., Zhang, Y., He, T., Tu, Y., & Hwang, G. (2026) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-026-10166-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A DEEP DIVE INTO GRADUATE STUDENTS’ SELF-EFFICACY AND ACADEMIC INTERACTION IN ONLINE LEARNING
Anas, I., Nur, S., Afdaliah, A., Irmawati, I., & Akhmad, A. (2024) · LLT Journal A Journal on Language and Language Teaching · doi:10.24071/llt.v27i1.5548 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cai, H., Pan, M., & Huang, L. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105293 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Teacher- and student-related factors supporting primary school students' self-regulated learning
Matulaitienė, J., Kaminskienè, L., Monkevičienė, O., & Lehtinen, E. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1503867 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Eom, S. B., & Ashill, N. J. (2023) · Journal of international technology and information management · doi:10.58729/1941-6679.1557 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Scaling High-Leverage Curriculum Scaffolding in Middle-School Mathematics
Malik, R., Abdi, D., Wang, R., & Demszky, D. (2024) · ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (L@S) · doi:10.1145/3657604.3664698 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Influence of Self-efficacy and Self-regulation on Motivation and Learning Achievement
Wahyuddin, W. (2022) · International Conference of Education and Science (ICES) · doi:10.4108/eai.17-11-2021.2318641 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sumariyanti, N. M., Ardana, I. M., & Suastika, I. N. (2026) · JKTP Jurnal Kajian Teknologi Pendidikan · doi:10.17977/um038v9i12026p049-062 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Impact of Scaffolding on Academic Achievement in Undergraduate Emergency Language Courses
Zhu, A., & Ye, J. (2026) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-026-10254-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Scaffolding principles of content-based science instruction in an international elementary school
Kamrani, Z., Tajeddin, Z., & Alemi, M. (2023) · Pedagogies An International Journal · doi:10.1080/1554480x.2023.2222716 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-Regulated Learning Interventions in Computer Programming: Challenge, Model and Direction
Wu, Y. (2023) · International Conference on Computer Science and Technologies in Education (CSTE) · doi:10.1109/cste59648.2023.00012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Let's Give Ear to the University Students Attending and Not Attending Synchronous Online Lessons!
Koşar, G. (2022) · International Journal of Adult Education and Technology · doi:10.4018/ijaet.315775 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ash, H. A., & Primack, A. J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31214-4_7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hacia mejores prácticas en el aprendizaje en línea: fomento de la autorregulación del alumnado
Garzón-Umerenkova, A., & Díaz, P. (2021) · Administración & Desarrollo · doi:10.22431/25005227.vol51n1.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jain, V., Gambhir, V., & Govindaraj, M. (2023) · Multidisciplinary Science Journal · doi:10.31893/multiscience.2023ss0225 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alfares, N. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1454892 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Same Learning Activity and Different Perceptions: The Role of Online Self-Regulated Learning
Zhou, X., Chai, C. S., Jong, M. S., & Xiong, X. B. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2428474 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tran‐Duong, Q. H., & Nguyen, D. (2025) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70145 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liu, S.-W., & Hou, H. (2026) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2026.102128 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yorgancı, S. (2026) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1002/jcal.70283 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Qin, Z., & Ma, X. (2022) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.46.6.17 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Amelia, R., Febriani, R. O., Rofiki, I., Sugiri, W. A., & Priatmoko, S. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0123721 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hameed, W. U., Khan, A. J., Farooq, F., Nasim, I., & Ali, A. (2022) · iRASD Journal of Management · doi:10.52131/jom.2022.0402.0083 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nimasari, E. P., Gestanti, R. A., Rojabi, A. R., Mustikasari, D. P., Kumalasari, E., Cobantoro, A. F., & Safriyani, R. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0120320 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
刘, 勇. (2021) · Advances in Education · doi:10.12677/ae.2021.114211
Tuğtekin, E. B. (2021) · Advances in mobile and distance learning book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8701-0.ch027
Docencia e investigación educativa con enfoque interdisciplinario
Bello, É. O. G., Ruelas, C. S. T., Gutiérrez, R. I. P., Ibarra, M. L. B., Varela, M. A. M., Vázquez, N. J. G., Guirado, M. A. Z., Valenzuela, L. V. C., Castro, I. G., Rodríguez, A. L., et al. (2022) · Ediciones Comunicación Científica eBooks · doi:10.52501/cc.071 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Designing XAI Chatbots to Enhance Learner Self-efficacy in Education
Lookingbill, V., Fu, J., & Irvin, M. J. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76806-4_10
The Impact of Scaffolding on Academic Achievementin Undergraduate Emergency Language CoursesPreprint
ZHU, A., Cheng, X., & Ye, J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5261857
The Case for Media Psychology as a Distinct Field
Rutledge, P. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197689875.013.0002
Language Learning in the XR Era: Possibilities and Challenges of Immersive Technology
Yasuda, A., & Maruyama, Y. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97769-5_18
Yang, Q., Zhang, Y., Xu, L., Yang, Y., Zhao, Y., Yun, X., Xie, S., & Chen, W. (2025) · International Conference on Computer Science and Technologies in Education (CSTE) · doi:10.1109/cste64638.2025.11092004
Wan, H., Que, R., Cheng, L., Li, S., Wang, Q., & Liu, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1725612
Ma, Y. T. (2026) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2026.2625222
Developing Corpus-Based Instructional Model for Aviation English Speaking SkillsPreprint
Nugraha, D. S. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6554160
Developing Corpus-Based Instructional Model for Aviation English Speaking SkillsPreprint
Nugraha, D. S. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6557567
Lemana, H. E., Ahmad, C. V., Besa, D. P., Geonigo, J. L. G., Almira, C., Candalo, J. R. M., & Maglantay, A. A. (2024) · Human Behavior, Development and Society · doi:10.62370/hbds.v25i1.271260
Designing and Organizing Online Course Content
Stephen, J. S. (2026) · Springer texts in education · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-19818-1_6
Instructional Support and the Student-Teacher Relationship in Higher Education
Miller, A. D., Vomund, J., Buehl, M. M., Brophy, N. S., & Broeckelman-Post, M. A. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-897-520251008
Procrastinación y logro de aprendizaje en aprendices con diferente estilo cognitivo
López-Vargas, O., Garavito-Martínez, L., & Vallejo, N. G. V. (2026) · Revista Colombiana de Educación · doi:10.17227/rce.num101-21198
Radović, S., Parmigiani, D., Nicchia, E., & Pario, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1852722
- Authors
- Song, D., & Kim, D.
- Affiliations
- Sam Houston State University (US)
- Sungkyunkwan University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Song, Donggil
- ORCID
- Song, Donggil
- Venue
- Journal of Research on Technology in Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-06-09
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 249-263
- ISSN
- 1539-1523 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-0818
- OpenAlex
- W3035263232
- Semantic Scholar
- 6d830d721e40bf669199e0f34be286ba953ef321
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 17.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Research on Technology in Education (publishedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Keywords
- student self-regulation, scaffolding, chatbots, intelligent tutoring systems, online learning, course participation, learning performance, graduate students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
