The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of Teachers’ Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching on Student Achievement
Abstract
This study explored whether and how teachers’ mathematical knowledge for teaching contributes to gains in students’ mathematics achievement. The authors used a linear mixed-model methodology in which first and third graders’ mathematical achievement gains over a year were nested within teachers, who in turn were nested within schools. They found that teachers’ mathematical knowledge was significantly related to student achievement gains in both first and third grades after controlling for key student- and teacher-level covariates. This result, while consonant with findings from the educational production function literature, was obtained via a measure focusing on the specialized mathematical knowledge and skills used in teaching mathematics. This finding provides support for policy initiatives designed to improve students’ mathematics achievement by improving teachers’ mathematical knowledge.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, the PMTs included some teacher actions by “anticipating students' potential reasoning,” a SCK descriptor (Hill et al., 2005;Schilling & Hill, 2007).”
From Preservice teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching: Focus on lesson planning and reflection (2024) · cites this paper as Hill et al., 2005
Citations
Cites
Those Who Understand: Knowledge Growth in Teaching
SHULMAN, L. S. (1986) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x015002004 · Cited by 18,546
Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform
Shulman, L. (1987) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.57.1.j463w79r56455411 · Cited by 16,787
Handbook of research on teaching
Wittrock, M. C. (1986) · Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (Québec government) · Cited by 10,630
Review of research in education
Shulman, L. S., Mowry, S., & Berliner, D. C. (1973) · F.E. Peacock eBooks · Cited by 7,754
EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY
Coleman, J. S. (1968) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/0020486680060504 · Cited by 6,567
BRUNER, J. S. (1960) · doi:10.4159/9780674028999 · Cited by 6,042
Equality of Educational Opportunity.
Sewell, W. H., Coleman, J. S., Campbell, E. Q., Hobson, C. J., McPartland, J. C., Mood, A. M., Weinfeld, F. D., & York, R. L. (1967) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091094 · Cited by 2,753
(2009) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.99.4.i · Cited by 2,304
The making of a teacher: teacher knowledge and teacher education
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-0440 · Cited by 2,267
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-2294 · Cited by 1,823
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Ball DL, 1988, Knowledge and reasoning in mathematical pedagogy: Examining what prospective teachers bring to teacher education
- Ball DL, 2000, Multiple perspectives on the teaching and learning of mathematics, 83
- Ball DL, 2003, Research compendium for the principles and standards for school mathematics, 27
- Ball DL, 1999, New tools for research on instruction: A Web-based teacher log
- Begle EG, 1972, Teacher knowledge and student achievement in algebra
- Benson G, 2002, Study of Instructional Improvement school sample design
- Ferguson RF, 1991, Harvard Journal on Legislation, 28, 458
- Hill HC, 2005, Assessing “content knowledge for teaching”: Data from teachers, non-teachers, and mathematicians
- Hill HC, 2005, Teachers' mathematics knowledge for teaching and school context: A study of California teachers
- Phelps G, 2004, Content knowledge for teaching reading: Technical report on reading measures used on the Study of Instructional Improvement teacher questionnaire
- 10.1177/016146810210400804 · DOI
- 10.2307/1175860 · DOI · Paper page
- Summers AA, 1977, American Economic Review, 67, 639
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,002
Reynolds, W. M., & Park, S. (2020) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21676 · Cited by 66
Copur-Gencturk, Y., & Doleck, T. (2021) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-021-10028-1 · Cited by 49
Phelps, C. M. (2010) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-010-9257-2 · Cited by 45
Teaching and Learning Fraction Addition on Number Lines
Izsák, A., Tillema, E. S., & Tunç-Pekkan, Z. (2008) · Journal for Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.2307/30034887 · Cited by 45
Zeng, L. M. (2020) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100333 · Cited by 45
Minor, E. C., Desimone, L. M., Caines, J., & Hochberg, E. D. (2016) · Education Policy Analysis Archives · doi:10.14507/epaa.24.2365 · Cited by 68
Nonverbal Immediacy as a Characterisation of Social Behaviour for Human–Robot Interaction
Kennedy, J., Baxter, P. E., & Belpaeme, T. (2016) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-016-0378-3 · Cited by 44
Todorova, M., Sunder, C., Steffensky, M., & Möller, K. (2017) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2017.08.016 · Cited by 56
Laursen, S. L., Hassi, M.-L., & Hough, S. (2015) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/0020739x.2015.1068390 · Cited by 44
Standards for teaching: theoretical underpinnings and applications
Kleinhenz, E., & Ingvarson, L. (2007) · ACEReSearch Repository (Australian Council for Educational Research) · Cited by 44
A Look Inside Mathematics Coaching: Roles, Content, and Dynamics
Mudzimiri, R., Burroughs, E. A., Luebeck, J., Sutton, J., & Yopp, D. (2014) · Education Policy Analysis Archives · doi:10.14507/epaa.v22n53.2014 · Cited by 50
Towards an inclusive digital literacy: An experimental intervention study in a rural area of Brazil
Nogueira, V. B., Teixeira, D. G., de Lima, I. A. C. N., Moreira, M. V. C., de Oliveira, B. S. C., Pedrosa, I. M. B., Queiroz, J. W., & Jerônimo, S. M. B. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10711-z · Cited by 54
Gasteiger, H. (2012) · Journal für Mathematik-Didaktik · doi:10.1007/s13138-012-0042-x · Cited by 43
Khachatryan, G. A., Romashov, A. V., Khachatryan, A. R., Gaudino, S., Khachatryan, J. M., Guarian, K. R., & Yufa, N. V. (2014) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-014-0019-7 · Cited by 43
Strengthening pre-service teachers’ mathematical content knowledge
Hine, G. (2015) · Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice · doi:10.53761/1.12.4.5 · Cited by 43
Chinese Secondary Physical Education Teachers’ Depth of Specialized Content Knowledge in Soccer
Ward, P., He, Y., Wang, X., & Li, W. (2017) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.2017-0092 · Cited by 43
Fitchett, P. G., & Heafner, T. L. (2018) · RMLE Online · doi:10.1080/19404476.2018.1514826 · Cited by 45
Andrews, T. C., Auerbach, A. J., & Grant, E. F. (2019) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.19-01-0010 · Cited by 50
Leuchter, M., Saalbach, H., Studhalter, U., & Tettenborn, A. (2020) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2020.1805137 · Cited by 50
Delivering Online Professional Development in Mathematics to Rural Educators
Cady, J. A., & Rearden, K. T. (2009) · The Journal of Technology and Teacher Education · Cited by 43
The effectiveness and retention of teachers with prior career experience
Boyd, D. J., Grossman, P. L., Ing, M. M., Lankford, H., Loeb, S., O’Brien, R., & Wyckoff, J. (2011) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.08.004 · Cited by 44
Knowledge for teaching secondary school mathematics: what counts?
Goos, M. (2013) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/0020739x.2013.826387 · Cited by 44
Zahner, W. C., Velazquez, G., Moschkovich, J. N., Vahey, P., & Lara-Meloy, T. (2012) · The Journal of Mathematical Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jmathb.2012.06.002 · Cited by 44
Jüttner, M., & Neuhaus, B. (2012) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2011.606511 · Cited by 49
Murphy, C. J. (2011) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-011-9194-8 · Cited by 42
Preparing Educators to Promote and Provide Physical Activity in Schools
Castelli, D. M., Centeio, E. E., & Nicksic, H. M. (2013) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827613490488 · Cited by 41
Kuhn, C., Alonzo, A. C., & Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia, O. (2016) · Empirical research in vocational education and training · doi:10.1186/s40461-016-0031-2 · Cited by 41
Sugerencias para Escribir un Buen Artículo Científico en Educación
Murillo, F. J., Martínez-Garrido, C., & Belavi, G. (2017) · REICE Revista Iberoamericana sobre Calidad Eficacia y Cambio en Educación · doi:10.15366/reice2017.15.3.001 · Cited by 42
A Path Analysis of Student Interest in STEM, with Specific Reference to Qatari Students
Sellami, A., El-Kassem, R. C., Al-Qassass, H. B., & Al-Rakeb, N. A. (2017) · Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.12973/eurasia.2017.00999a · Cited by 42
An Empirical Study of the Dimensionality of the Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching Construct
Copur‐Gencturk, Y., Tolar, T. D., Jacobson, E. D., & Fan, W. (2018) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/0022487118761860 · Cited by 42
Which Teaching Practices Improve Student Performance on High-Stakes Exams? Evidence from Russia
Zakharov, A., Carnoy, M., & Loyalka, P. K. (2013) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2014.01.003 · Cited by 42
Qian, H., & Youngs, P. A. (2016) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-014-9297-0 · Cited by 42
Thomson, M. M., & Gregory, B. (2013) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2013.791956 · Cited by 49
Person-Organization Fit and Research on Instruction
Youngs, P. A., Pogodzinski, B., Grogan, E., & Perrone, F. (2015) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x15569531 · Cited by 41
School quality and learning gains in rural Guatemala
Marshall, J. H. (2008) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2007.10.009 · Cited by 41
Yang, Y., Liu, X., & Gardella, J. A. J. (2020) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21620 · Cited by 54
Assessment of Teacher Knowledge Across Countries: A Review of the State of Research
Blömeke, S., & Delaney, S. (2013) · Advances in mathematics education · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6437-8_25 · Cited by 41
Teaching Effectiveness Revisited Through the Lens of Practice Theories
Vieluf, S., & Klieme, E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25613-4_3 · Cited by 46
Clarke, D., Clarke, B. K., & Roche, A. (2011) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-011-0345-2 · Cited by 40
O conhecimento pedagógico do conteúdo dos professores e sua relação com a compreensão dos alunos
Olfos, R., Goldrine, T., & Estrella, S. (2014) · Revista Brasileira de Educação · doi:10.1590/s1413-24782014000900006 · Cited by 23
Kersting, N., Sutton, T., Kalinec-Craig, C., Stoehr, K., Heshmati, S., Lozano, G. I., & Stigler, J. (2016) · Zdm · doi:10.1007/s11858-015-0733-0 · Cited by 44
Rehearsals of Teaching and Opportunities to Learn Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching
Ghousseini, H. N. (2017) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1080/07370008.2017.1323903 · Cited by 43
Copur‐Gencturk, Y., & Thacker, I. (2020) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/0022487119899101 · Cited by 40
Sheppard, M. E., & Wieman, R. (2020) · The Journal of Mathematical Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jmathb.2020.100798 · Cited by 51
Research Commentary: Educational Technology: An Equity Challenge to the Common Core
Kitchen, R. S., & Berk, S. (2016) · Journal for Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.5951/jresematheduc.47.1.0003 · Cited by 40
Manipulatives in Mathematics Education
Bartolini, M., & Martignone, F. (2020) · Encyclopedia of Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15789-0_93 · Cited by 31
Koponen, M., Asikainen, M. A., Viholainen, A., & Hirvonen, P. E. (2018) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2018.12.010 · Cited by 45
Zhao, F., & Schuchardt, A. M. (2021) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-020-00264-x · Cited by 39
Lohse-Bossenz, H., Kunina‐Habenicht, O., Dicke, T., Leutner, D., & Kunter, M. (2015) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2015.01.001 · Cited by 40
Mathematicians’ Perspectives on Features of a Good Pedagogical Proof
Lai, Y., Weber, K., & Mejía-Ramos, J. P. (2012) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1080/07370008.2012.661814 · Cited by 39
Who teaches mathematics at second level in Ireland?
Ríordáin, M. N., & Hannigan, A. (2011) · Irish Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03323315.2011.569117 · Cited by 38
König, J. A., Tachtsoglou, S., Lammerding, S., Strauß, S., Nold, G., & Rohde, A. (2017) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12383 · Cited by 35
Norton, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-018-9401-y · Cited by 39
Professionelle Kompetenz von Mathematiklehrkräften: das COACTIV-Modell
Kunter, M., Klusmann, U., & Baumert, J. (2009) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 39
Measuring Middle Grades Teachers' Understanding of Rational Numbers with the Mixture Rasch Model
Izsák, A., Orrill, C. H., Cohen, A. S., & Brown, R. E. (2010) · The Elementary School Journal · doi:10.1086/648979 · Cited by 39
Unterrichtsbezogene Überzeugungen und handlungsleitende Kognitionen von Lehrpersonen
Leuchter, M., Pauli, C., Reusser, K., & Lipowsky, F. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-006-0168-z · Cited by 39
Luschei, T. F., Chudgar, A., & Rew, W. J. (2013) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811311500502 · Cited by 39
Zammit, K. (2007) · Cited by 39
Morris, A. K., & Hiebert, J. (2017) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831217695217 · Cited by 50
Luo, F., Lo, J., & Leu, Y. (2011) · School Science and Mathematics · doi:10.1111/j.1949-8594.2011.00074.x · Cited by 38
Lin, C., Becker, J. P., Byun, M., Yang, D., & Huang, T. (2013) · School Science and Mathematics · doi:10.1111/j.1949-8594.2012.00173.x · Cited by 38
Polly, D., Neale, H. W., & Pugalee, D. (2013) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-013-0585-6 · Cited by 38
Investigating the Knowledge Needed for Teaching Mathematics
Charalambous, C. (2016) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/0022487116634168 · Cited by 42
Approximate number sense correlates with math performance in gifted adolescents
Wang, J. J., Halberda, J., & Feigenson, L. (2017) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.03.014 · Cited by 45
Goldhaber, D. D., Gratz, T. M., & Theobald, R. J. (2017) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.09.002 · Cited by 42
Conceptualizations of professional knowledge for teachers of mathematics
Neubrand, M. (2018) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-017-0906-0 · Cited by 38
Students’ Perceptions of Their Science Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge
Halim, L., Abdullah, S. I. S. S., & Meerah, T. S. M. (2013) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-013-9484-2 · Cited by 38
Task-Based Interviews in Mathematics Education
Maher, C. A., & Sigley, R. J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15789-0_147 · Cited by 40
Teaching Matters: How State and Local Policymakers Can Improve the Quality of Teachers and Teaching
Corcoran, T. (2007) · doi:10.12698/cpre.2007.rb48 · Cited by 38
Lachner, A., Backfisch, I., & Franke, U. (2024) · Frontline Learning Research · doi:10.14786/flr.v12i1.1179 · Cited by 61
Corey, D. L., Peterson, B. E., Lewis, B. M., & Bukarau, J. (2010) · Journal for Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.5951/jresematheduc.41.5.0438 · Cited by 37
Diaz, C., & Mardones, H. C. (2014) · Estudios pedagógicos · doi:10.4067/s0718-07052014000200019 · Cited by 11
Blazar, D., Litke, E. G., & Barmore, J. (2016) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831216630407 · Cited by 37
Bildungswissenschaftliches Wissen und professionelle Kompetenz in der Lehramtsausbildung
Kunter, M., Kunina-Habenicht, O., Baumert, J., Dicke, T., Holzberger, D., Lohse-Bossenz, H., Leutner, D., Schulze-Stocker, F., & Terhart, E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-07274-2_3 · Cited by 28
Teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge and mathematics achievement of students in Peru
Cueto, S., León, J., Sorto, M. A., & Miranda, A. (2016) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-016-9735-2 · Cited by 53
Jamil, F. M., & Hamre, B. K. (2018) · Action in Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/01626620.2018.1424051 · Cited by 45
Teacher beliefs about mathematics teaching and learning: Identifying and clarifying three constructs
Schoen, R. C., LaVenia, M., & Ozsoy, G. (2019) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2019.1599488 · Cited by 39
Knowledge of Future Primary Teachers for Teaching Mathematics: An International Comparative Study
Senk, S. L., Tatto, M. T., Reckase, M. D., ROWLEY, G. L., Peck, R., & Банков, К. (2013) · Advances in mathematics education · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6437-8_4 · Cited by 37
Teacher policy: a framework for comparative analysis
Tatto, M. T. (2008) · Prospects · doi:10.1007/s11125-009-9088-z · Cited by 38
Costa, L. O., & Carnoy, M. (2015) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/0162373715571437 · Cited by 37
Challenges in Identifying High-Leverage Practices
Cohen, J. (2015) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811511700702 · Cited by 37
Pincheira, N., & Alsina, Á. (2021) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math9202590 · Cited by 36
Fritsch, S., Berger, S., Seifried, J., Bouley, F., Wuttke, E., Schnick-Vollmer, K., & Schmitz, B. (2015) · Empirical research in vocational education and training · doi:10.1186/s40461-015-0014-8 · Cited by 28
Ng, D. (2011) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/1359866x.2011.560648 · Cited by 37
Santagata, R., & Lee, J. (2019) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-019-09447-y · Cited by 39
van Garderen, D., Scheuermann, A. M., Poch, A. L., & Murray, M. M. (2016) · Teacher Education and Special Education The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0888406416665448 · Cited by 36
Who’s Teaching Math to Our Most Needy Students? A Descriptive Study
Rosas, C. E., & Campbell, L. (2010) · Teacher Education and Special Education The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0888406409357537 · Cited by 36
Mathematics in the Swedish Upper Secondary School Electricity Program: A study of teacher knowledge
Aretorn, L. (2012) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 36
Hertel, S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-04479-4_2 · Cited by 45
Nilsson, P., & DRIEL, J. H. V. (2010) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-010-9179-0 · Cited by 35
Lake, W., Wallin, M., Woolcott, G., Boyd, W., Foster, A., Markopoulos, C., & Boyd, W. E. (2016) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/0020739x.2016.1245876 · Cited by 35
Teachers’ Readiness to Utilize Frog VLE: A Case Study of a Malaysian Secondary School
Kaur, T., & Hussein, N. (2014) · Journal of Education Society and Behavioural Science · doi:10.9734/bjesbs/2015/11965 · Cited by 35
Oonk, W., Verloop, N., & Gravemeijer, K. P. E. (2015) · Journal for Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.5951/jresematheduc.46.5.0559 · Cited by 38
Examining the landscape of teacher learning for data use: The case of Illinois
Reeves, T. D., Summers, K. H., & Grove, E. (2016) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2016.1211476 · Cited by 35
Muñiz‐Rodríguez, L., Alonso, P., Rodríguez-Muñiz, L. J., & Valcke, M. (2017) · Journal of Education for Teaching International Research and Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/02607476.2017.1296539 · Cited by 35
Teaching assistants' topic-specific pedagogical content knowledge in 1 H NMR spectroscopy
Connor, M. C., & Shultz, G. V. (2018) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c7rp00204a · Cited by 37
Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Teaching Inclusive Design
Oleson, A., Mendez, C., Steine-Hanson, Z., Hilderbrand, C., Perdriau, C., Burnett, M., & Ko, A. J. (2018) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3230977.3230998 · Cited by 35
Weber, A., Büssing, A. G., Jarzyna, R., & Fiebelkorn, F. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12124909 · Cited by 37
The Nature and Effects of Middle School Mathematics Teacher Learning Experiences
Hill, H. C. (2011) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811111300106 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hill, H. C., Rowan, B., & Ball, D. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- American Educational Research Journal
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 371-406
- ISSN
- 0002-8312 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-1011
- OpenAlex
- W2122081458
- Cited by
- 2,812
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 182 · 2019: 165 · 2018: 160 · 2017: 171 · 2016: 223 · 2015: 208 · 2014: 170 · 2013: 196 · 2012: 191
- FWCI
- 296.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Educational Research Journal (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Mathematics Education and Teaching Techniques
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Education › Teacher Education and Assessments
- Keywords
- mathematical knowledge for teaching, teacher knowledge, student mathematics achievement, achievement gains, early grades, first grade, third grade, education production function, teacher professional development, mathematics education policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review