The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of Teachers’ Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching on Student Achievement
Abstract
This study explored whether and how teachers’ mathematical knowledge for teaching contributes to gains in students’ mathematics achievement. The authors used a linear mixed-model methodology in which first and third graders’ mathematical achievement gains over a year were nested within teachers, who in turn were nested within schools. They found that teachers’ mathematical knowledge was significantly related to student achievement gains in both first and third grades after controlling for key student- and teacher-level covariates. This result, while consonant with findings from the educational production function literature, was obtained via a measure focusing on the specialized mathematical knowledge and skills used in teaching mathematics. This finding provides support for policy initiatives designed to improve students’ mathematics achievement by improving teachers’ mathematical knowledge.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, the PMTs included some teacher actions by “anticipating students' potential reasoning,” a SCK descriptor (Hill et al., 2005;Schilling & Hill, 2007).”
From Preservice teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching: Focus on lesson planning and reflection (2024) · cites this paper as Hill et al., 2005
Citations
Cites
Those Who Understand: Knowledge Growth in Teaching
SHULMAN, L. S. (1986) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x015002004 · Cited by 18,546
Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform
Shulman, L. (1987) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.57.1.j463w79r56455411 · Cited by 16,787
Handbook of research on teaching
Wittrock, M. C. (1986) · Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (Québec government) · Cited by 10,630
Review of research in education
Shulman, L. S., Mowry, S., & Berliner, D. C. (1973) · F.E. Peacock eBooks · Cited by 7,754
EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY
Coleman, J. S. (1968) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/0020486680060504 · Cited by 6,567
BRUNER, J. S. (1960) · doi:10.4159/9780674028999 · Cited by 6,042
Equality of Educational Opportunity.
Sewell, W. H., Coleman, J. S., Campbell, E. Q., Hobson, C. J., McPartland, J. C., Mood, A. M., Weinfeld, F. D., & York, R. L. (1967) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091094 · Cited by 2,753
(2009) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.99.4.i · Cited by 2,304
The making of a teacher: teacher knowledge and teacher education
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-0440 · Cited by 2,267
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-2294 · Cited by 1,823
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Ball DL, 1988, Knowledge and reasoning in mathematical pedagogy: Examining what prospective teachers bring to teacher education
- Ball DL, 2000, Multiple perspectives on the teaching and learning of mathematics, 83
- Ball DL, 2003, Research compendium for the principles and standards for school mathematics, 27
- Ball DL, 1999, New tools for research on instruction: A Web-based teacher log
- Begle EG, 1972, Teacher knowledge and student achievement in algebra
- Benson G, 2002, Study of Instructional Improvement school sample design
- Ferguson RF, 1991, Harvard Journal on Legislation, 28, 458
- Hill HC, 2005, Assessing “content knowledge for teaching”: Data from teachers, non-teachers, and mathematicians
- Hill HC, 2005, Teachers' mathematics knowledge for teaching and school context: A study of California teachers
- Phelps G, 2004, Content knowledge for teaching reading: Technical report on reading measures used on the Study of Instructional Improvement teacher questionnaire
- 10.1177/016146810210400804 · DOI
- 10.2307/1175860 · DOI · Paper page
- Summers AA, 1977, American Economic Review, 67, 639
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,002
Mathematics Teachers' Reasoning About Fractions and Decimals Using Drawn Representations
Lee, S. J., Brown, R. E., & Orrill, C. H. (2011) · Mathematical Thinking and Learning · doi:10.1080/10986065.2011.564993 · Cited by 35
Do prospective mathematics teachers teach who they say they are?
van Putten, S., Stols, G., & Howie, S. (2014) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-013-9265-0 · Cited by 37
Luschei, T. F., & Chudgar, A. (2011) · Prospects · doi:10.1007/s11125-011-9213-7 · Cited by 35
Griffin, C., Jitendra, A. K., & League, M. B. (2009) · Teacher Education and Special Education The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0888406409343540 · Cited by 32
Gabriele, A. J., Joram, E., & Park, K. H. (2016) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.06.008 · Cited by 36
PK-3 Education: Programs and Practices that Work in Children's First Decade
Reynolds, A. J., & Magnuson, K. (2006) · Cited by 35
Schenke, K., Nguyen, T., Watts, T. W., Sarama, J., & Clements, D. H. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000165 · Cited by 34
Miheso-O'Connor, M. K., & Berger, M. (2015) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-015-9630-9 · Cited by 34
Connecting with the horizon: developing teachers’ appreciation of mathematical structure
Vale, C., McAndrew, A., & Krishnan, S. (2010) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-010-9162-8 · Cited by 34
Harlow, D. B., Bianchini, J. A., Swanson, L. H., & Dwyer, H. A. (2013) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21108 · Cited by 38
Powell, S. R. (2015) · Intervention in School and Clinic · doi:10.1177/1053451215579269 · Cited by 34
Mapolelo, D. C., & Akinsola, M. K. (2015) · American Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.12691/education-3-4-18 · Cited by 34
Jeschke, C., Kuhn, C., Heinze, A., Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia, O., Saas, H., & Lindmeier, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.683962 · Cited by 28
Résultats de TALIS 2018 (Volume I)
OCDE (2019) · Enquête internationale sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage · doi:10.1787/5bb21b3a-fr · Cited by 52
The effects of teacher mathematics knowledge and pedagogy on student achievement in rural Guatemala
Marshall, J. H., & Sorto, M. (2012) · International Review of Education · doi:10.1007/s11159-012-9276-6 · Cited by 40
Developing and rewarding excellent teachers: the Scottish Chartered Teacher Scheme
Ingvarson, L. (2009) · Professional Development in Education · doi:10.1080/19415250903016707 · Cited by 34
Thanheiser, E., Browning, C. A., Edson, A. J., Lo, J., Whitacre, I., Olanoff, D., & Morton, C. H. (2014) · The Mathematics Enthusiast · doi:10.54870/1551-3440.1308 · Cited by 34
Sorto, M. A., Marshall, J. H., Luschei, T. F., & Carnoy, M. (2009) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 34
Fachdidaktisches Wissen von Lehrkräften und multiple Ziele im naturwissenschaftlichen Sachunterricht
Lange, K., Kleickmann, T., Tröbst, S., & Möller, K. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-012-0258-z · Cited by 33
van Garderen, D., Hanuscin, D. L., Lee, E., & Kohn, P. (2012) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21611 · Cited by 37
Andrews, T. C., Speer, N. M., & Shultz, G. V. (2022) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-022-00380-w · Cited by 33
Professional competence of mathematics teachers in dealing with tasks in lesson planning
Hammer, S., & Ufer, S. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education : An International Journal of Research and Studies · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104246 · Cited by 33
Liu, X., Hansen, K. Y., Valcke, M., & Neve, J. D. (2024) · ZDM: Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s11858-024-01630-7 · Cited by 38
Nückles, M. (2020) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09567-5 · Cited by 47
R-squared Measures for Multilevel Models with Three or More Levels
Rights, J. D., & Sterba, S. K. (2022) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2021.1985948 · Cited by 35
Otten, C., Nash, R., & Patterson, K. A. E. (2022) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daac053 · Cited by 33
Teacher Effectiveness and Classroom Composition: Understanding Match Effects in the Classroom
Aucejo, E. M., Coate, P., Fruehwirth, J. C., Kelly, S., & Mozenter, Z. (2022) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/ueac046 · Cited by 33
Implications for Developing and Researching Elementary School Mathematics Coaches
Polly, D., Mraz, M. E., & Algozzine, R. F. (2013) · School Science and Mathematics · doi:10.1111/ssm.12029 · Cited by 33
Steele, M. (2012) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-012-9230-3 · Cited by 1
Relationships Between Mathematics Teacher Preparation and Graduates’ Analyses of Classroom Teaching
Hiebert, J., Berk, D., & Miller, E. K. (2017) · The Elementary school journal · doi:10.1086/691685 · Cited by 28
König, J. A., Hanke, P., Glutsch, N., Jäger-Biela, D. J., Pohl, T., Becker-Mrotzek, M., Schabmann, A., & Waschewski, T. (2022) · Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability · doi:10.1007/s11092-022-09393-z · Cited by 36
Youngs, P. A., & Qian, H. (2013) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/0022487112473836 · Cited by 39
Bline, D. M., Perreault, S. J., & Zheng, X. (2015) · Issues in Accounting Education · doi:10.2308/iace-51227 · Cited by 32
Tchoshanov, M. A., Cruz, M. D. R. R., Huereca, K., Shakirova, K. B., Shakirova, L. R., & Ibragimova, E. N. (2015) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-015-9703-9 · Cited by 32
Conceptual and Procedural Knowledge of Rational Numbers for Riyadh Elementary School Teachers
Khashan, K. H. (2014) · Journal of Education and Human Development · doi:10.15640/jehd.v3n4a17 · Cited by 32
Asterhan, C. S. C., & Dotan, A. (2017) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-017-9441-1 · Cited by 32
The Relation between Teacher Specialization and Student Reading Achievement
Myrberg, E., Johansson, S., & Rosén, M. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2018.1434826 · Cited by 28
Winarso, W. (2018) · Malikussaleh Journal of Mathematics Learning (MJML) · doi:10.29103/mjml.v1i1.579 · Cited by 32
Youngs, P. A., Elreda, L. M., Anagnostopoulos, D., Cohen, J., Drake, C., & Konstantopoulos, S. (2021) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103576 · Cited by 36
Unpacking Online Asynchronous Collaboration in mathematics teacher education
Clay, E. L., Silverman, J. H., & Fischer, D. J. (2012) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-012-0428-8 · Cited by 33
Supporting the K-12 Classroom through University Outreach
Moskal, B., & Skokan, C. K. (2011) · Journal of higher education outreach & engagement/Journal of higher education outreach and engagement. · Cited by 32
Measuring Levels of Statistical Pedagogical Content Knowledge
Callingham, R. A., & WATSON, J. M. (2011) · New ICMI studies series · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1131-0_28 · Cited by 32
Griffin, C. C., Dana, N. F., Pape, S. J., Algina, J. J., Bae, J., Prosser, S. K., & League, M. B. (2017) · Teacher Education and Special Education The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0888406417740702 · Cited by 32
Psychology in Mathematics Education
Jones, R. S., Lovett, J. N., Fletcher, S., & Heath, A. L. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841332.013.51 · Cited by 32
Visual Mathematics and Cyberlearning
Martinović, D., Freiman, V., & Karadağ, Z. (2012) · Mathematics education in the digital era · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2321-4 · Cited by 33
Kleickmann, T., & Anders, Y. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5149-5_16 · Cited by 9
Two views of culture and their implications for mathematics teaching and learning
Hodge, L. L., & Cobb, P. (2019) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085916641173 · Cited by 31
Scerif, G., Blakey, E., Gattas, S., Hawes, Z. C. K., Howard, S. J., Merkley, R., O'Connor, R., & Simms, V. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09824-3 · Cited by 37
Zhang, D., & Campbell, T. (2014) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-013-9491-z · Cited by 31
Conceptually and Methodologically Vexing Issues in Teacher Knowledge Assessment
Reutzel, D. R., Dole, J. A., Read, S., Fawson, P. C., Herman, K., Jones, C. D., Sudweeks, R., & Fargo, J. (2011) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2011.560098 · Cited by 31
Martínez, S., Guíñez, F., Zamora, R., Bustos, S., & Rodríguez, B. (2020) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-020-01152-y · Cited by 36
Frank, K. A., Kim, J., Salloum, S. J., Bieda, K. N., & Youngs, P. A. (2020) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831220911065 · Cited by 40
THE TEACHER INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCES OF PROSPECTIVE HIGH SCHOOL MATHEMATICS TEACHERS
Rhoads, K., Radu, I., & Weber, K. (2011) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-010-9267-7 · Cited by 31
A Learning Sciences Perspective on Teacher Learning Research
Fishman, B., Davis, E. A., & Chan, C. K. K. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139519526.042 · Cited by 31
Effective teachers and teaching: Characteristics and practices related to positive student outcomes.
Roehrig, A. D., Turner, J. E., Arrastia-Chisholm, M. C., Christesen, E., McElhaney, S., & Jakiel, L. M. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13274-020 · Cited by 31
Teacher Knowledge Experiment: Conditions of the Development of Pedagogical Content Knowledge
Kleickmann, T., Tröbst, S., Heinze, A., Bernholt, A., Rink, R., & Kunter, M. (2017) · Methodology of educational measurement and assessment · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50030-0_8 · Cited by 34
Zwiep, S. G., & Benken, B. M. (2012) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-012-9334-3 · Cited by 30
Alsawaie, O. N. (2011) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-011-9315-y · Cited by 30
Choppin, J. (2009) · Curriculum Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1467-873x.2009.00444.x · Cited by 34
Gvozdic, K., & Sander, E. (2018) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-018-9806-7 · Cited by 30
Elementary teachers’ attitudes and beliefs about spatial thinking and mathematics
Burte, H., Gardony, A., Hutton, A., & Taylor, H. (2020) · Cognitive Research · doi:10.1186/s41235-020-00221-w · Cited by 27
Examining the Relations Between Spatial Skills, Spatial Anxiety, and K‐12 Teacher Practice
Atit, K., & Rocha, K. (2020) · Mind, Brain, and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12274 · Cited by 26
Jong, C., Schack, E. O., Fisher, M. H., Thomas, J. N., & Dueber, D. (2021) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-020-01210-5 · Cited by 32
Shultz, M., Nissen, J., Close, E. W., & Dusen, B. V. (2022) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-022-00349-9 · Cited by 30
Authentic Science Research in Elementary School After-School Science Clubs
Feldman, A. P., & Pirog, K. (2011) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-011-9305-4 · Cited by 34
Strategies for Improving Power in School-Randomized Studies of Professional Development
Kelcey, B., & Phelps, G. (2013) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x14528906 · Cited by 30
The teaching experience and the emotions it evokes
Mevarech, Z. R., & Maskit, D. (2015) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-014-9286-2 · Cited by 35
When a problem is more than a teacher’s question
Olson, J. C., & Knott, L. (2012) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-012-9444-4 · Cited by 34
Misdiagnosing the Teacher Quality Problem
Ingersoll, R. M. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003064466-24 · Cited by 30
Tofel‐Grehl, C., & Callahan, C. M. (2014) · Journal of Advanced Academics · doi:10.1177/1932202x14539156 · Cited by 30
Challenges in measuring teachers’ knowledge
Fauskanger, J. (2015) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-015-9612-4
“UDL is a way of thinking”; theorizing UDL teacher knowledge, beliefs, and practices
Lambert, R., McNiff, A., Schuck, R. K., Imm, K. L., & Zimmerman, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1145293 · Cited by 57
Proportional Reasoning: Student Knowledge and Teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge
WATSON, J. M., Callingham, R. A., & Donne, J. (2008) · Cited by 29
Marshall, J. H., Chinna, U., Nessay, P., Hok, U. N., Savoeun, V., Tinon, S., & Veasna, M. (2009) · International Review of Education · doi:10.1007/s11159-009-9133-4 · Cited by 29
Incorporating learning study in a teacher education program in Hong Kong: a case study
Lai, M. Y., & Lo-Fu, Y. W. P. 勞. (2013) · International Journal for Lesson and Learning Studies · doi:10.1108/20468251311290141 · Cited by 32
Lee, M. Y. (2018) · Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.29333/ejmste/92019 · Cited by 29
Enacting Content-rich Curriculum in Early Childhood: The Role of Teacher Knowledge and Pedagogy
Neuman, S. B., & Danielson, K. A. (2020) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2020.1753463 · Cited by 36
He, P., Zheng, C.-L., & Li, T. (2021) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c9rp00286c · Cited by 18
Lai, E., & Lam, C. (2011) · Journal of Education for Teaching · doi:10.1080/02607476.2011.558287 · Cited by 29
Bent, G. J., Bakx, A. W. E. A., & Brok, P. J. D. (2013) · Journal of Geography · doi:10.1080/00221341.2013.810299 · Cited by 29
Matthews, M. E., & Seaman, W. (2007) · IUMPST The Journal · Cited by 29
DELINEATING ISSUES RELATED TO HORIZON CONTENT KNOWLEDGE FOR MATHEMATICS TEACHING
Jakobsen, A., Hoover, M. N., & Ribeiro, C. M. (2011) · Cited by 29
The Place of Subject Matter Knowledge in Teacher Education
Rollnick, M., & Mavhunga, E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-0366-0_11 · Cited by 29
Mathematical Habits of Mind for Teaching: Using Language in Algebra Classrooms
Matsuura, R., Sword, S., Piecham, M. B., Stevens, G., & Cuoco, A. (2013) · The Mathematics Enthusiast · doi:10.54870/1551-3440.1285 · Cited by 24
Kajander, A. (2007) · Journal of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.22329/jtl.v5i1.127 · Cited by 29
Baumert, J., Kunter, M., Blum, W. F., Klusmann, U., Krauß, S., & Neubrand, M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5149-5_1 · Cited by 28
Forbes, C. T., Sabel, J. L., & Biggers, M. S. (2015) · Journal of Geoscience Education · doi:10.5408/14-063.1 · Cited by 28
Learning to Leverage Student Thinking: What Novice Approximations Teach Us About Ambitious Practice
Singer‐Gabella, M., STENGEL, B. S., Shahan, E., & Kim, M. (2016) · The Elementary School Journal · doi:10.1086/684944 · Cited by 28
Leong, K. E., Chew, C. M., & Rahim, S. S. A. (2015) · Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.12973/eurasia.2015.1346a · Cited by 28
Atit, K., Miller, D. I., Newcombe, N. S., & Uttal, D. H. (2018) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000041 · Cited by 22
How professional development program features impact the knowledge of science teachers
Doyle, J., Sonnert, G., & Sadler, P. M. (2018) · Professional Development in Education · doi:10.1080/19415257.2018.1561493 · Cited by 34
Kulgemeyer, C., Kempin, M., Weißbach, A., Borowski, A., Buschhüter, D., Enkrott, P., Reinhold, P., Riese, J., Schecker, H., Schröder, J., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2021.2006820 · Cited by 30
Jay, L. P. (2022) · Theory & Research in Social Education · doi:10.1080/00933104.2022.2077156 · Cited by 28
Pre-service Teachers’ Perceptions of Model Eliciting Activities
Thomas, K. R., & Hart, J. E. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0561-1_46 · Cited by 28
Smith, M. E., Auslander, S. S., Smith, S. Z., Hart, L. C., & Haardörfer, R. (2012) · Action in Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/01626620.2012.712745 · Cited by 28
Stevens, T., Aguirre‐Muñoz, Z., Harris, G. A., Higgins, R., & Liu, X. (2013) · The Australian journal of teacher education · doi:10.14221/ajte.2013v38n4.3 · Cited by 28
The Components of Number Sense
Faulkner, V. N., & Cain, C. R. (2009) · Teaching Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/004005990904100503 · Cited by 28
Describing Instrumental Music Teachers’ Thinking
Millican, J. S. (2013) · Update Applications of Research in Music Education · doi:10.1177/8755123312473761 · Cited by 28
THE COMPLEXITIES OF A LESSON STUDY IN A DUTCH SITUATION: MATHEMATICS TEACHER LEARNING
Verhoef, N. C., Tall, D. O., Coenders, F. G. M., & van Smaalen, D. (2013) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-013-9436-6 · Cited by 28
A capstone mathematics course for prospective secondary mathematics teachers
Artzt, A. F., Sultan, A., Curcio, F. R., & Gurl, T. (2011) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-011-9189-5
Metadata
- Authors
- Hill, H. C., Rowan, B., & Ball, D. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- American Educational Research Journal
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 371-406
- ISSN
- 0002-8312 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-1011
- OpenAlex
- W2122081458
- Cited by
- 2,812
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 182 · 2019: 165 · 2018: 160 · 2017: 171 · 2016: 223 · 2015: 208 · 2014: 170 · 2013: 196 · 2012: 191
- FWCI
- 296.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Educational Research Journal (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Mathematics Education and Teaching Techniques
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Education › Teacher Education and Assessments
- Keywords
- mathematical knowledge for teaching, teacher knowledge, student mathematics achievement, achievement gains, early grades, first grade, third grade, education production function, teacher professional development, mathematics education policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review