The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of Teachers’ Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching on Student Achievement
Abstract
This study explored whether and how teachers’ mathematical knowledge for teaching contributes to gains in students’ mathematics achievement. The authors used a linear mixed-model methodology in which first and third graders’ mathematical achievement gains over a year were nested within teachers, who in turn were nested within schools. They found that teachers’ mathematical knowledge was significantly related to student achievement gains in both first and third grades after controlling for key student- and teacher-level covariates. This result, while consonant with findings from the educational production function literature, was obtained via a measure focusing on the specialized mathematical knowledge and skills used in teaching mathematics. This finding provides support for policy initiatives designed to improve students’ mathematics achievement by improving teachers’ mathematical knowledge.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, the PMTs included some teacher actions by “anticipating students' potential reasoning,” a SCK descriptor (Hill et al., 2005;Schilling & Hill, 2007).”
From Preservice teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching: Focus on lesson planning and reflection (2024) · cites this paper as Hill et al., 2005
Citations
Cites
Those Who Understand: Knowledge Growth in Teaching
SHULMAN, L. S. (1986) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x015002004 · Cited by 18,546
Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform
Shulman, L. (1987) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.57.1.j463w79r56455411 · Cited by 16,787
Handbook of research on teaching
Wittrock, M. C. (1986) · Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (Québec government) · Cited by 10,630
Review of research in education
Shulman, L. S., Mowry, S., & Berliner, D. C. (1973) · F.E. Peacock eBooks · Cited by 7,754
EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY
Coleman, J. S. (1968) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/0020486680060504 · Cited by 6,567
BRUNER, J. S. (1960) · doi:10.4159/9780674028999 · Cited by 6,042
Equality of Educational Opportunity.
Sewell, W. H., Coleman, J. S., Campbell, E. Q., Hobson, C. J., McPartland, J. C., Mood, A. M., Weinfeld, F. D., & York, R. L. (1967) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091094 · Cited by 2,753
(2009) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.99.4.i · Cited by 2,304
The making of a teacher: teacher knowledge and teacher education
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-0440 · Cited by 2,267
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-2294 · Cited by 1,823
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Ball DL, 1988, Knowledge and reasoning in mathematical pedagogy: Examining what prospective teachers bring to teacher education
- Ball DL, 2000, Multiple perspectives on the teaching and learning of mathematics, 83
- Ball DL, 2003, Research compendium for the principles and standards for school mathematics, 27
- Ball DL, 1999, New tools for research on instruction: A Web-based teacher log
- Begle EG, 1972, Teacher knowledge and student achievement in algebra
- Benson G, 2002, Study of Instructional Improvement school sample design
- Ferguson RF, 1991, Harvard Journal on Legislation, 28, 458
- Hill HC, 2005, Assessing “content knowledge for teaching”: Data from teachers, non-teachers, and mathematicians
- Hill HC, 2005, Teachers' mathematics knowledge for teaching and school context: A study of California teachers
- Phelps G, 2004, Content knowledge for teaching reading: Technical report on reading measures used on the Study of Instructional Improvement teacher questionnaire
- 10.1177/016146810210400804 · DOI
- 10.2307/1175860 · DOI · Paper page
- Summers AA, 1977, American Economic Review, 67, 639
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,002
TEACHER CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON STUDENT TEST SCORES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Coenen, J., Cornelisz, I., Groot, W. N. J., van den Brink, H. M., & van Klaveren, C. (2017) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12210 · Cited by 78
Knowing and Identity: A Situated Theory of Mathematics Knowledge in Teaching
Hodgen, J. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9766-8_3 · Cited by 67
Preservice elementary school teachers’ knowledge of fractions: a mirror of students’ knowledge?
Steenbrugge, H. V., Lesage, E., Valcke, M., & Desoete, A. (2013) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/00220272.2013.839003 · Cited by 63
Groth, R. E. (2013) · Mathematical Thinking and Learning · doi:10.1080/10986065.2013.770718 · Cited by 64
Stürmer, K., Könings, K., & Seidel, T. (2015) · Vocations and Learning · doi:10.1007/s12186-014-9122-z · Cited by 63
Using Delphi methodology to design assessments of teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge
Manizade, A. G., & Mason, M. M. (2010) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-010-9276-z · Cited by 63
Teacher Effects, Value-Added Models, and Accountability
Konstantopoulos, S. (2014) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811411600109 · Cited by 62
The Effects of Mobile Application in Teaching High School Mathematics
Etcuban, J. O., & Pantinople, L. D. (2018) · International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education · doi:10.12973/iejme/3906 · Cited by 63
Charalambous, C. Y. (2015) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-015-9318-7 · Cited by 75
Facilitating Teaching and Learning across STEM Fields.
Ejiwale, J. A. (2012) · Journal of STEM Education Innovations and Research · Cited by 61
Kinzie, M. B., Whittaker, J. V., Williford, A. P., DeCoster, J., McGuire, P., Lee, Y.-J., & Kilday, C. R. (2014) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.06.007 · Cited by 61
Assessing Teachers’ Science Content Knowledge: A Strategy for Assessing Depth of Understanding
McConnell, T. J., Parker, J. M., & Eberhardt, J. (2013) · Journal of Science Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10972-013-9342-3 · Cited by 60
Ottmar, E. R., Rimm-Kaufman, S., Larsen, R., & Berry, R. (2015) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831215579484 · Cited by 75
Auer, M. F. F., Hickendorff, M., van Putten, C. M., Béguin, A. A., & Heiser, W. J. (2016) · Applied Measurement in Education · doi:10.1080/08957347.2016.1138959 · Cited by 68
Baumert, J., & Kunter, M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5149-5_9 · Cited by 59
Statewide Mathematics Professional Development
Carney, M. B., Brendefur, J. L., Thiede, K. W., Hughes, G., & Sutton, J. T. (2014) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/0895904814550075 · Cited by 61
Shechtman, N., Roschelle, J., Haertel, G. D., & Knudsen, J. (2010) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1080/07370008.2010.487961 · Cited by 61
Engel, M. (2012) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x12451025 · Cited by 59
Preservice Teachers’ Professional Knowledge and Its Relation to Academic Self-Concept
Paulick, I., Großschedl, J., Harms, U., & Möller, J. (2016) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/0022487116639263 · Cited by 52
Opportunities to Learn for Teachers’ Self‐Efficacy and Enthusiasm
Mahler, D., Großschedl, J., & Harms, U. (2017) · Education Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/4698371 · Cited by 76
Does Teacher Quality Affect Student Achievement? An Empirical Study in IndonesiaPreprint
Sirait, S. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 59
Großschedl, J., Mahler, D., Kleickmann, T., & Harms, U. (2014) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2014.923949 · Cited by 59
Taylor, J. A., Roth, K. J., Wilson, C. D., Stuhlsatz, M. A. M., & Tipton, E. (2016) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2016.1147628 · Cited by 58
Traditional vs. Alternative Teacher Preparation Programs: A Meta-Analysis
Whitford, D. K., Zhang, D., & Katsiyannis, A. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0932-0 · Cited by 61
Teaching Mathematics with Technology: TPACK and Effective Teaching Practices
Rakes, C. R., Stites, M. L., Ronau, R. N., Bush, S. B., Fisher, M. H., Safi, F., Desai, S., Schmidt, A., Andreasen, J. B., Saderholm, J. C., et al. (2022) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci12020133 · Cited by 57
A Review of the Literature on Mathematics and Science Teacher Quality
Bolyard, J. J., & Moyer-Packenham, P. (2008) · Peabody Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/01619560802414890 · Cited by 62
Mathematics for teaching: A form of applied mathematics
Stylianides, G. J., & Stylianides, A. J. (2009) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2009.03.022 · Cited by 58
Using Evidence for Teacher Education Program Improvement and Accountability
Plecki, M. L., Elfers, A. M., & Nakamura, Y. (2012) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/0022487112447110 · Cited by 57
Hill, H. C., Blazar, D., & Lynch, K. (2015) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858415617703 · Cited by 64
Self-citationMunter, C., & Correnti, R. (2017) · American Journal of Education · doi:10.1086/689928 · Cited by 52
Chen, C., Sonnert, G., Sadler, P. M., & Sunbury, S. (2020) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.19-08-0164 · Cited by 80
Holzberger, D., Maurer, C., Kunina‐Habenicht, O., & Kunter, M. (2021) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103285 · Cited by 73
Herman, J. L., Osmundson, E., Dai, Y., Ringstaff, C., & Timms, M. J. (2015) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2015.1006521 · Cited by 59
Tatto, M. T., Lerman, S., & Novotná, J. (2009) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-009-9139-7 · Cited by 56
O’Dwyer, L. M., Yang, W., & Shields, K. A. (2015) · Large-scale Assessments in Education · doi:10.1186/s40536-014-0011-6 · Cited by 70
Liepertz, S., & Borowski, A. (2018) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2018.1478165 · Cited by 49
Kelcey, B., Hill, H. C., & Chin, M. J. (2019) · School Effectiveness and School Improvement · doi:10.1080/09243453.2019.1570944 · Cited by 68
Self-citationAssessing Professional Vision in Teacher Candidates
Stürmer, K., & Seidel, T. (2015) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000200 · Cited by 57
On Acknowledging PCK’s Shortcomings
Settlage, J. (2013) · Journal of Science Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10972-012-9332-x · Cited by 55
Developing mathematical knowledge for teaching in a methods course: the case of function
Steele, M. D., Hillen, A. F., & Smith, M. S. (2013) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-013-9243-6 · Cited by 60
A Conceptual Framework for Teacher Professional Development: The Whole Teacher Approach
Chen, J.-Q., & McCray, J. S. (2012) · NHSA Dialog · doi:10.1080/15240754.2011.636491 · Cited by 57
Mesa, V. (2012) · Community College Review · doi:10.1177/0091552111435663 · Cited by 69
The impact of student misconceptions on student persistence in a MOOC
Chen, C., Sonnert, G., Sadler, P. M., Sasselov, D. D., & Fredericks, C. (2019) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21616 · Cited by 83
van Compernolle, R. A., & Henery, A. (2014) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168814541719 · Cited by 54
Working with What They Have: Professional Development as a Reform Strategy in Rural Schools
Barrett, N., Cowen, J. M., Toma, E. F., & Troske, S. (2015) · Journal of Research in Rural Education · doi:10.18113/p8jrre3010 · Cited by 54
Student, teacher, and instructional characteristics related to students' gains in flexibility
Star, J. R., Newton, K. J., Pollack, C., Kokka, K., Rittle‐Johnson, B., & Durkin, K. L. (2015) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.03.001 · Cited by 54
Kelcey, B., & Phelps, G. (2013) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/0162373713482766 · Cited by 58
Misconceptions of Students in Learning Mathematics at Primary Level.
Mohyuddin, R. G., & Khalil, U. (2014) · Cited by 54
Tutor CoPilot: A Human-AI Approach for Scaling Real-Time Expertise
Wang, R., Ribeiro, A., Robinson, C., Loeb, S., & Demszky, D. (2024) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5363154/v1 · Cited by 53
Uncovering the Special Mathematical Work of Teaching
Ball, D. (2017) · ICME-13 monographs · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62597-3_2 · Cited by 45
Self-citationKulgemeyer, C., Borowski, A., Buschhüter, D., Enkrott, P., Kempin, M., Reinhold, P., Riese, J., Schecker, H., Schröder, J., & Vogelsang, C. (2020) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21632 · Cited by 53
Development and Validation of a Teacher Self-assessment Instrument
Akram, M., & Zepeda, S. J. (2015) · Cited by 53
Fachspezifisches Unterrichtscoaching im Praktikum
Kreis, A., & Staub, F. C. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-011-0170-y · Cited by 56
An, S., & Wu, Z. (2011) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-011-9324-x · Cited by 57
Lohse-Bossenz, H., Kunina‐Habenicht, O., & Kunter, M. (2013) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-013-0181-6 · Cited by 55
An exploratory study of pre-service middle school teachers’ knowledge of algebraic thinking
Magiera, M. T., van den Kieboom, L. A., & Moyer, J. C. (2013) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-013-9472-8 · Cited by 52
Hossain, S., Mendick, H., & Adler, J. (2013) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-013-9474-6 · Cited by 52
Ren, L., & Smith, W. (2017) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-017-9365-3 · Cited by 55
Tröbst, S., Kleickmann, T., Heinze, A., Bernholt, A., Rink, R., & Kunter, M. (2018) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000260 · Cited by 60
Osana, H. P., & Royea, D. A. (2011) · The Journal of Mathematical Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jmathb.2011.07.001 · Cited by 59
Relationships between mathematical knowledge for teaching and teaching practice: the case of proof
Steele, M. D., & Rogers, K. C. (2012) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-012-9204-5 · Cited by 51
Kennedy, M. J., Rodgers, W., Romig, J. E., Lloyd, J. W., & Brownell, M. T. (2017) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/0022487116687554 · Cited by 51
Deficits in the Statistical and Probabilistic Literacy of Citizens: Effects in a World in Crisis
Muñiz‐Rodríguez, L., Rodríguez-Muñiz, L. J., & Alsina, ́. (2020) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math8111872 · Cited by 51
Incorporating Student Performance Measures into Teacher Evaluation Systems
Steele, J., Hamilton, L. S., & Stecher, B. M. (2011) · Cited by 50
Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching the Function Concept and Student Learning Outcomes
Hatısaru, V., & Erbaş, A. K. (2015) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-015-9707-5 · Cited by 59
Chazan, D., Brantlinger, A., Clark, L. M., & Edwards, A. R. (2013) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811311500206 · Cited by 51
Does it Matter What We Measure? Domain-specific Professional Knowledge of Physics Teachers
Cauet, E., Liepertz, S., Borowski, A., & Fischer, H. (2018) · Swiss Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.24452/sjer.37.3.4963 · Cited by 48
Lu, M., Loyalka, P. K., Shi, Y., Chang, F., Liu, C., & Rozelle, S. (2019) · Journal of Development Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19439342.2019.1624594 · Cited by 50
Mathematical sophistication among preservice elementary teachers
Seaman, C. E., & Szydlik, J. E. (2007) · Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10857-007-9033-0 · Cited by 50
Integrating Reform‐Oriented Math Instruction in Special Education Settings
Bottge, B. A., Rueda, E., Laroque, P. T., Serlin, R. C., & Kwon, J. (2007) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5826.2007.00234.x · Cited by 50
Borko, H., & Whitcomb, J. A. (2008) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x08328877 · Cited by 64
Eight Issues for Learning Scientists About Education and the Economy
Roschelle, J., Bakia, M., Toyama, Y., & Patton, C. M. (2010) · Journal of the Learning Sciences · doi:10.1080/10508406.2011.528318 · Cited by 50
Clarke, D. J. (2012) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-012-0452-8 · Cited by 49
Kelcey, B. (2011) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/0162373711415262 · Cited by 49
Recognising Accomplished Teachers in Australia: Where have We been? Where are We Heading?
Ingvarson, L. (2010) · Australian Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/000494411005400105 · Cited by 49
Thomson, M. M., DiFrancesca, D., Carrier, S., & Lee, C. (2016) · Teacher Development · doi:10.1080/13664530.2016.1204355 · Cited by 49
Editor’s Introduction: Understanding Cross-National Differences in Globalized Teacher Reforms
Akiba, M. (2017) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x17711908 · Cited by 61
Situated learning in an abstract algebra classroom
Ticknor, C. S. (2012) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-012-9405-y · Cited by 53
Teacher Characteristics and Student Learning in Mathematics: A Comprehensive Assessment
Hill, H. C., Charalambous, C. Y., & Chin, M. J. (2018) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/0895904818755468 · Cited by 50
Self-citationChanges in the Demographics, Qualifications, and Turnover of American STEM Teachers, 1988–2012
Nguyen, T. D., & Redding, C. (2018) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858418802790 · Cited by 48
An Experimental Evaluation of Four Elementary School Math Curricula
Agodini, R., & Harris, B. (2010) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345741003770693 · Cited by 48
Copur-Gencturk, Y., Li, J., & Atabas, S. (2024) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312241248514 · Cited by 47
Callingham, R., Carmichael, C., & Watson, J. (2016) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-015-9653-2 · Cited by 47
Park, S., Suh, J., & Seo, K. (2017) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-016-9578-y · Cited by 42
Exploring preschool teachers’ science-specific knowledge
Barenthien, J. M., Lindner, M. A., Ziegler, T., & Steffensky, M. (2018) · Early Years Journal of International Research and Development · doi:10.1080/09575146.2018.1443321 · Cited by 47
Browning, C. A., Edson, A. J., Kimani, P., & Aslan-Tutak, F. (2014) · The Mathematics Enthusiast · doi:10.54870/1551-3440.1306 · Cited by 47
Schmidt, W., Burroughs, N. A., Cogan, L. S., & Houang, R. (2017) · Journal of Curriculum Studies · doi:10.1080/00220272.2016.1153153 · Cited by 25
Zhu, Y., & Kaiser, G. (2022) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-022-01343-9 · Cited by 78
Lesson Study: The Impact on Teachers’ Knowledge for Teaching Mathematics
Meyer, R. D., & Wilkerson, T. L. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9941-9_2 · Cited by 46
Kim, R. Y., Ham, S., & Paine, L. W. (2011) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/0022487110381999 · Cited by 46
Lindberg, S. M., Hyde, J. S., & Hirsch, L. M. (2008) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.2008.0017 · Cited by 46
Bakx, A. W. E. A., Koopman, M., de Kruijf, J., & Brok, P. J. D. (2015) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540602.2014.995477 · Cited by 52
Noticing numeracy now! Examining changes in preservice teachers’ noticing, knowledge, and attitudes
Fisher, M. H., Thomas, J., Schack, E., Jong, C., & Tassell, J. (2018) · Mathematics Education Research Journal · doi:10.1007/s13394-017-0228-0 · Cited by 47
Professional development that improves STEM outcomes
Hill, H., Lynch, K., Gonzalez, K. E., & Pollard, C. (2020) · Phi Delta Kappan · doi:10.1177/0031721720903829 · Cited by 37
Self-citationChauvot, J. B. (2008) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2008.09.006 · Cited by 46
Developing learning progression‐based teacher knowledge measures
Jin, H., Shin, H. J., Johnson, M., Kim, J., & Anderson, C. (2015) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21243 · Cited by 46
Dodeen, H. M., Abdelfattah, F. A., Shumrani, S. A., & Abu-Hilal, M. M. (2012) · International Journal of Testing · doi:10.1080/15305058.2011.621568 · Cited by 45
A comparison of propensity score matching methods for reducing selection bias
Bai, H.-Y. (2011) · International Journal of Research & Method in Education · doi:10.1080/1743727x.2011.552338 · Cited by 38
Penuel, W. R., McWilliams, H., McAuliffe, C. M., Benbow, A. E., Mably, C., & Hayden, M. M. (2008) · Journal of Science Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10972-008-9120-9 · Cited by 45
Yi, M., Flores, R., & Wang, J. (2020) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2020.103038 · Cited by 52
Metadata
- Authors
- Hill, H. C., Rowan, B., & Ball, D. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- American Educational Research Journal
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 371-406
- ISSN
- 0002-8312 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-1011
- OpenAlex
- W2122081458
- Cited by
- 2,812
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 182 · 2019: 165 · 2018: 160 · 2017: 171 · 2016: 223 · 2015: 208 · 2014: 170 · 2013: 196 · 2012: 191
- FWCI
- 296.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Educational Research Journal (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Mathematics Education and Teaching Techniques
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Education › Teacher Education and Assessments
- Keywords
- mathematical knowledge for teaching, teacher knowledge, student mathematics achievement, achievement gains, early grades, first grade, third grade, education production function, teacher professional development, mathematics education policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review