Meta-Analysis

Hedges, Larry V.

doi:10.3102/10769986017004279

Cited by 186Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferencePsychology Research and Bibliometrics

Meta-Analysis

Hedges, Larry V.·1992·Journal of Educational Statistics

DOI 10.3102/10769986017004279

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Abstract

The use of statistical methods to combine the results of independent empirical research studies (meta-analysis) has a long history. Meta-analytic work can be divided into two traditions: tests of the statistical significance of combined results and methods for combining estimates across studies. The principal classes of combined significance tests are reviewed, and the limitations of these tests are discussed. Fixed effects approaches treat the effect magnitude parameters to be estimated as a consequence of a model involving fixed but unknown constants. Random effects approaches treat effect magnitude parameters as if they were sampled from a universe of effects and attempt to estimate the mean and variance of the hyperpopulation of effects. Mixed models incorporate both fixed and random effects. Finally, areas of current research are summarized, including methods for handling missing data, models for publication selection, models to handle studies that are not independent, and distribution-free models for random effects.

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The random-effects model accounts for within- and between-study variability and therefore allows more general inferences than fixed-effect models.
“This model is based on the assumption that the population effect differs randomly from study to study and accounts for within- and between-study variability [72,73]; therefore, more general inferences can be made compared with fixed-effect models.”
From Conceptualizations of cyberchondria and relations to the anxiety spectrum: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [72]

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Authors: Hedges, L. V.
Affiliations: University of Chicago (US)
Corresponding author: Hedges, Larry V.
ORCID: Hedges, Larry V.
Venue: Journal of Educational Statistics
Publisher: American Educational Research Association (AERA)
Published: 1992-12
Volume: 17
Issue: 4
Pages: 279-296
ISSN: 0362-9791 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3102/10769986017004279
OpenAlex: W4231153775
Cited by: 186
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 0.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Educational Statistics (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
Keywords: meta-analysis, fixed effects model, random effects models, mixed models, missing data

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