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Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: A recent open-label pilot study (N = 15) found that two to three moderate to high doses (20 and 30 mg/70 kg) of the serotonin 2A receptor agonist, psilocybin, in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation, resulted in substantially higher 6-month smoking abstinence rates than are typically observed with other medications or CBT alone. OBJECTIVES: To assess long-term effects of a psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation program at ≥12 months after psilocybin administration. METHODS: The present report describes biologically verified smoking abstinence outcomes of the previous pilot study at ≥12 months, and related data on subjective effects of psilocybin. RESULTS: All 15 participants completed a 12-month follow-up, and 12 (80%) returned for a long-term (≥16 months) follow-up, with a mean interval of 30 months (range = 16-57 months) between target-quit date (i.e., first psilocybin session) and long-term follow-up. At 12-month follow-up, 10 participants (67%) were confirmed as smoking abstinent. At long-term follow-up, nine participants (60%) were confirmed as smoking abstinent. At 12-month follow-up 13 participants (86.7%) rated their psilocybin experiences among the five most personally meaningful and spiritually significant experiences of their lives. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that in the context of a structured treatment program, psilocybin holds considerable promise in promoting long-term smoking abstinence. The present study adds to recent and historical evidence suggesting high success rates when using classic psychedelics in the treatment of addiction. Further research investigating psilocybin-facilitated treatment of substance use disorders is warranted.
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“As previously noted, mindfulness practices facilitate behavioral change by enabling individuals to identify triggers and habitual responses, whereas psychedelic therapy can amplify this awareness, resulting in even deeper behavioral transformations [33].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
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“Classic psychedelics, such as synthetic LSD and psilocybin, which is found in certain mushrooms, have shown promise as aids in psychotherapy e.g., for mood disorders and substance dependence [1, 5, 33].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
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“There is emerging evidence from early phase trials of nicotine dependence (14)”
From Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine dependence: a case report involving daily methamphetamine use (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
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“Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAT) also appears to be safe and potentially efficacious for substance use disorders, based on early trials for nicotine and alcohol use disorders [14,15], with little evidence of harmful use in the community [16].”
From Psilocybin‐assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder: A pilot open‐label safety and feasibility study. (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
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Self-citationPsilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: A proof-of-concept study
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“psilocybin-facilitated treatment of alcohol dependence (24), the present findings indicate that 5-HT2AR agonists may hold therapeutic potential in treating a variety of”
Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects
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“Consistent with previously published data (4), no participants reported an increase in bothersome visual”
InfluentialSelf-citationGriffiths, R., Richards, W., Johnson, M., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881108094300 · Cited by 905
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“Additionally, this questionnaire included three items asking participants to rate: (1) the overall personal meaning, (2) spiritual significance, and (3) effects on well-being or life satisfaction attributed to psilocybin experiences or contemplation of those experiences.”
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Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., May, D. G., Cosimano, M. P., Sepeda, N. D., Johnson, M. W., Finan, P. H., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285 · Cited by 1,301
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Metadata
- Authors
- Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., & Griffiths, R. R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Matthew W.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-07-21
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 55-60
- ISSN
- 0095-2990 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-9891
- PMC
- PMC5641975
- OpenAlex
- W2506717582
- Cited by
- 696
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 17.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2017-01-20)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA003889)
- Beckley Foundation (N/A)
- Heffter Research Institute (N/A)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- psilocybin, smoking cessation, smoking abstinence, long-term follow-up, cognitive behavioral therapy, classic psychedelics, addiction treatment, spiritual experience
- MeSH terms
- Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hallucinogens, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Psilocybin, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Smoking Cessation
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