Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness
Open accessAbstract
A large body of evidence, including longitudinal analyses of personality change, suggests that core personality traits are predominantly stable after age 30. To our knowledge, no study has demonstrated changes in personality in healthy adults after an experimentally manipulated discrete event. Intriguingly, double-blind controlled studies have shown that the classic hallucinogen psilocybin occasions personally and spiritually significant mystical experiences that predict long-term changes in behaviors, attitudes and values. In the present report we assessed the effect of psilocybin on changes in the five broad domains of personality - Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Consistent with participant claims of hallucinogen-occasioned increases in aesthetic appreciation, imagination, and creativity, we found significant increases in Openness following a high-dose psilocybin session. In participants who had mystical experiences during their psilocybin session, Openness remained significantly higher than baseline more than 1 year after the session. The findings suggest a specific role for psilocybin and mystical-type experiences in adult personality change.
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Intake of one or a few doses of psychedelics is associated with long-lasting effects on behaviors, attitudes, mood, and personality in humans.
“A unique and fascinating feature of psychedelics is that intake of one or a few doses is associated with long-lasting effects on behaviors, attitudes, mood, and personality in humans”
From Psychedelics and Neural Plasticity: Therapeutic Implications (2022) · cites this paper as MacLean et al., 2011
The introductory passage (labeled Abstract in our copy; page unavailable) reports lasting changes in behavior, attitudes, and personality after hallucinogen sessions. The Discussion reports that Openness remained elevated more than a year after a high-dose psilocybin session in participants who had a complete mystical experience. The paper describes acute changes in affect and discusses possible mood effects, but does not establish long-lasting mood changes from one or a few doses. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPsychedelics have been linked to reductions in neuroticism and increases in openness and extraversion across non-clinical and clinical populations.
“In the few recent studies that measured personality traits, psychedelics were linked to reductions in neuroticism and increases in openness and extraversion across both non-clinical and clinical populations (33, 34).”
From Psychoanalytically informed MDMA-assisted therapy for pathological narcissism: a novel theoretical approach (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
The Results (‘Changes in personality following the psilocybin session’; page unavailable) report a significant increase in Openness after high-dose psilocybin in healthy adults. They report no significant change in Neuroticism or Extroversion, and this study did not test personality changes in clinical populations. Thus, this source supports only the non-clinical Openness portion of the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPost-psychedelic decreases in neuroticism and increases in extroversion and openness to experience have been reported.
“Post-psychedelic decreases in neuroticism and increases in extroversion, and openness to experience have also been reported [60, 61]; however, these findings have been inconsistent across studies.”
From The psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression: a systematic review protocol (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
The Results section reports a significant increase in Openness after a high-dose psilocybin session. It reports no significant decrease in Neuroticism or increase in Extroversion, so this paper supports only the openness part of the claim. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese findings on personality changes have been inconsistent across studies.
“Post-psychedelic decreases in neuroticism and increases in extroversion, and openness to experience have also been reported [60, 61]; however, these findings have been inconsistent across studies.”
From The psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression: a systematic review protocol (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
The Results section reports increased Openness after high-dose psilocybin but no significant changes in Neuroticism or Extroversion. This supports a narrower point—that the three personality changes were not all observed in this paper’s analysis—but the paper does not establish that findings have been inconsistent across psychedelic studies. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe intensity or quality of the psychedelic experience determines the treatment outcome.
“It has been suggested by some studies that the intensity or quality of the psychedelic experience determines the treatment outcome (52–54).”
From Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The Results (page not available) report that the quality of the psilocybin experience was associated with changes in Openness: mystical-experience scores correlated with increases, and only the complete-mystical-experience group showed a significant increase. The study measured personality change in volunteers, not clinical treatment outcomes, and its association does not establish that experience quality determines an outcome. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Psychedelic-induced mystical-type experiences and ego dissolution correlate with long-term positive outcomes.
“it has been repeatedly found that psychedelic-induced mystical-type experiences and ego dissolution, the latter a phenomenon characterized by the reduction in self-referential awareness, disruption self-world boundaries, and increased feelings of unity with one’s surroundings (55), correlates with long-term (positive) outcomes (23, 52–54, 56–58).”
From Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
The Results (Follow-up) report that participants with a complete psilocybin-induced mystical experience had increased Openness more than a year later. The paper also reports a correlation between Openness change and a measure called “dread of ego dissolution,” but Methods (Measures) defines that measure in terms of anxiety and fear, not the unity-focused ego dissolution described in the citing sentence; it does not establish that form of ego dissolution as a correlate of long-term positive outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAnother potential selection bias remains, as studies including treatments with psychedelic substances require a rather high degree of motivation and openness to experience by the participants, which might have contributed to a ceiling effect regarding potential changes in trait measures.
“Another potential selection bias remains, as studies including treatments with psychedelic substances require a rather high degree of motivation and openness to experience (82) by the participants because of the time-demanding study procedure and the phenomenologically rich nature of psychedelic experiences. This might have contributed to a ceiling effect regarding potential changes in trait”
From Potential therapeutic effects of an ayahuasca-inspired N,N-DMT and harmine formulation: a controlled trial in healthy subjects (2024) · cites this paper as [82]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredParticipants who have mystical experiences during psilocybin sessions score significantly higher compared with baseline on the personality trait Openness, and the change is correlated to the intensity of the experience.
“Supporting the view that the psychedelic experience is required for their therapeutic effects, participants who have so-called mystical experiences during psilocybin sessions score significantly higher compared with baseline on the personality trait Openness, and the change is correlated to the intensity of the experience (MacLean et al., 2011).”
From Psychedelics and Neural Plasticity: Therapeutic Implications (2022) · cites this paper as MacLean et al., 2011
Psilocybin increases openness in healthy participants.
“Studies using the five-factor model of personality suggest that psilocybin increases openness in healthy participants (34)”
From Psychoanalytically informed MDMA-assisted therapy for pathological narcissism: a novel theoretical approach (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
Mindfulness meditation has been generally deemed safe, but numerous reports exist of acute and long-term negative effects associated with the practise.
“Mindfulness meditation has been generally deemed safe, but numerous reports exist of acute and long-term negative effects associated with the practise (74, 165–167).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [74]
The Abstract discusses possible long-term benefits of contemplative training, and the Discussion mentions meditation only in relation to personality change and participants’ spiritual activities. A search for meditation safety and adverse effects found no passage addressing whether mindfulness meditation is generally deemed safe or whether acute or long-term negative effects have been reported. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHallucinogens increase the personality trait openness.
“While it has repeatedly been shown that hallucinogens increase the personality trait openness (85, 86), experimental studies investigating the long-term effects of entactogens and hallucinogens on social cognition and behavior remain scarce.”
From Modulation of Social Cognition via Hallucinogens and “Entactogens” (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
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- Authors
- MacLean, K. A., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- MacLean, Katherine A
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopharmacology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-09-28
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1453-1461
- ISSN
- 0269-8811 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7285
- PMC
- PMC3537171
- OpenAlex
- W2118739111
- Cited by
- 895
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 18.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA003889, T32DA007209, R01DA03889)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- psilocybin, mystical experience, personality change, openness to experience, personality traits, hallucinogens, Big Five personality traits, aesthetic appreciation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attitude, Behavior, Double-Blind Method, Extraversion, Psychological, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hallucinogens, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Mysticism, Personality, Psilocybin, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Young Adult
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