Nursing Postvention for Spousal Survivors of Suicide

Constantino, Rose E.; Bricker, Patricia L.

doi:10.3109/01612849609035002

Cited by 26Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthDeath, Funerary Practices, and MourningSuicide and Self-Harm Studies

Nursing Postvention for Spousal Survivors of Suicide

Constantino, Rose E., Bricker, Patricia L.·1996·Issues in Mental Health Nursing

DOI 10.3109/01612849609035002

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Abstract

There is a scarcity of information available with respect to postbereavement outcomes for survivors of the suicide of a loved one. Few studies have focused on postvention therapies for the bereaved, particularly the bereaved survivors of suicide. The major aim of this study as to compare the effects of two theoretically derived nursing postventions, Bereavement Group Postvention (BGP) and Social Group Postvention (SGP), among the widowed whose spouses died of suicide. The findings suggest that both groups experienced an overall reduction in depression and distress. Although participants in the SGP generally showed significant improvement in social adjustment, they tended to be less well adjusted with respect to their parental roles at the end of the 8-week postvention sessions. Comparison of the psychoemotional correlates of grief varied such that there were no significant differences between the postvention groups for social isolation, loss of control, somatization, or death anxiety. The BGP participants experienced significantly reduced levels of anger/hostility and guilt; however, feelings of anger/hostility actually increased for those receiving the SGP. There was a significant reduction in feelings of despair, rumination, and depersonalization for both groups. Although social isolation was not significantly reduced for participants in either group, those receiving the BGP tended to experience a reduction in social isolation and those receiving the SGP showed no changes.

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A study comparing effects of a professionally led group psychotherapy and a social group program for widows bereaved through suicide found that grief symptoms reduced in the therapy group.
“A study comparing effects of a professionally led group psychotherapy and a social group program for widows bereaved through suicide found that grief symptoms reduced in the therapy group (Constantino and Bricker, 1996)”
From Suicide Postvention Service Models and Guidelines 2014–2019: A Systematic Review (2019) · cites this paper as Constantino and Bricker, 1996
Six studies tested the effectiveness of a group intervention, including a group/school-based intervention.
“Six studies tested the effectiveness of a group intervention [33–36, 39], including a group/school-based intervention [43].”
From Effectiveness of interventions for people bereaved through suicide: a systematic review of controlled studies of grief, psychosocial and suicide-related outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
Eight of the 11 studies were conducted in the USA.
“Eight studies were conducted in the USA [33–40].”
From Effectiveness of interventions for people bereaved through suicide: a systematic review of controlled studies of grief, psychosocial and suicide-related outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
Six studies included an active control group or a treatment-as-usual control condition.
“Six studies included an active control group [33–35, 37, 40] or a treatment-as-usual control condition [41, 42].”
From Effectiveness of interventions for people bereaved through suicide: a systematic review of controlled studies of grief, psychosocial and suicide-related outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
Constantino and Bricker found significant reduction in depression and distress in both groups, whereas social adjustment improved in the social group only.
“The above-mentioned study by Constantino and Bricker [34] also looked at depression, distress and social adjustment and found significant reduction in depression and distress in both groups, whereas social adjustment improved in the social group only [34].”
From Effectiveness of interventions for people bereaved through suicide: a systematic review of controlled studies of grief, psychosocial and suicide-related outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [34]

A study comparing professionally led group psychotherapy and a social group program for widows bereaved through suicide found that grief symptoms reduced in the therapy group, although a repetition of the study with a larger sample failed to replicate this effect.
“A study comparing effects of a professionally led group psychotherapy and a social group program for widows bereaved through suicide [34, 35] found that grief symptoms reduced in the therapy group [34], although a repetition of the study with a larger sample failed to replicate this effect [35].”
From Effectiveness of interventions for people bereaved through suicide: a systematic review of controlled studies of grief, psychosocial and suicide-related outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
Particular interventions were related to particular positive outcomes, e.g., a group therapy for children, CBT-based psycho-educational intervention, and group psychotherapy for widows, found significant reductions in depression.
“Particular interventions were related to particular positive outcomes, e.g., a group therapy for children [38], CBT-based psycho-educational intervention [44], and group psychotherapy for widows [34], found significant reductions in depression.”
From Effectiveness of interventions for people bereaved through suicide: a systematic review of controlled studies of grief, psychosocial and suicide-related outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
Other intervention studies reporting on grief reactions in general indicated some inconsistent positive results regarding broadly defined self-reported grief feelings, grief symptoms measured by the Grief Experience Inventory, and the Grief Recovery Questions.
“Similarly, other intervention studies reporting on grief reactions in general indicated some inconsistent positive results regarding broadly defined self-reported grief feelings [36], grief symptoms measured by the Grief Experience Inventory [34, 35, 47], and the Grief Recovery Questions [37, 57].”
From Effectiveness of interventions for people bereaved through suicide: a systematic review of controlled studies of grief, psychosocial and suicide-related outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
All reviewed studies reported on effectiveness of interventions in terms of various psychosocial outcomes, such as depression and/or anxiety, posttraumatic stress, distress and social adjustment, self-efficacy, problem solving, and substance use.
“All reviewed studies reported on effectiveness of interventions in terms of various psychosocial outcomes, such as depression and/or anxiety [e.g., 34, 38], posttraumatic stress [38], distress and social adjustment [34], self-efficacy [39], problem solving [33], and substance use [43].”
From Effectiveness of interventions for people bereaved through suicide: a systematic review of controlled studies of grief, psychosocial and suicide-related outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
A common factor in the effective studies comparing different interventions is the finding that grief-specific interventions may yield stronger effects on grief outcomes compared to interventions targeting other outcomes, though other studies failed to find such an effect.
“A common factor in the effective studies comparing different interventions (involving an active control group) is the finding that grief-specific interventions may yield stronger effects on grief outcomes compared to interventions targeting other outcomes [34, 37], though other studies failed to find such an effect [35].”
From Effectiveness of interventions for people bereaved through suicide: a systematic review of controlled studies of grief, psychosocial and suicide-related outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [34]

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Relationships between Hostility Guilt and Several Measures of Hostility
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Hostility, Personality Correlates of
Lee, C. S., & Bourdage, J. S. (2020) · The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1002/9781119547174.ch218

Authors: Constantino, R. E., & Bricker, P. L.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
ORCID: Constantino, Rose E.
Venue: Issues in Mental Health Nursing
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1996-01
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 131-152
ISSN: 0161-2840 (ISSN-L)
1096-4673
DOI: 10.3109/01612849609035002
OpenAlex: W1991990286
Cited by: 26
References: 88
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 1.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Issues in Mental Health Nursing (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01nr002108-02)
National Institute of Nursing Research (1RO1NR02108-01AZ)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Keywords: suicide bereavement, group therapy, depression, grief, social isolation, guilt, anger, social adaptation, fear of death, somatization
MeSH terms: Bereavement, Female, Humans, Psychiatric Nursing, Psychotherapy, Group, Suicide, Nursing Evaluation Research, Survivors, Widowhood

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