Cited by 136Cardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsHealth Promotion and Cardiovascular PreventionCardiac Health and Mental Health

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Effectiveness of individual lifestyle interventions in reducing cardiovascular disease and risk factors

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Ketola, Eeva, Sipilä, Raija, Mäkelä, Marjukka·2000·Annals of Medicine

DOI 10.3109/07853890009011767

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Abstract

In order to assess the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors, morbidity and mortality among working-age adults, we undertook a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of various lifestyle interventions (diet, exercise, smoking cessation, alcohol intake reduction) in adults followed for 1 year or longer. Twenty-one single-factor and 21 multifactorial interventions were analysed by outcome. Changes in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and total mortality were considered as main outcomes. Changes in weight, total cholesterol, blood pressure, sodium excretion, smoking and alcohol consumption were also analysed, and numbers needed to treat were calculated for smoking, morbidity and mortality. In secondary prevention, both single and multifactorial lifestyle interventions were shown to reduce morbidity and mortality, and multifactorial approaches reduced cholesterol levels. Primary prevention was found to reduce risk factors efficiently, especially when the intervention is multifactorial. Effect sizes were heterogeneous with wide confidence intervals. Standardized ways of describing interventions, measuring their effects and reporting outcomes systematically would facilitate effect-size evaluations. Interventions should optimally be multifactorial and targeted at high-risk patients with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

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Authors: Ketola, E., Sipilä, R., & Mäkelä, M.
Corresponding author: Ketola, Eeva
ORCID: Ketola, Eeva
Sipilä, Raija
Venue: Annals of Medicine
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2000-01
Volume: 32
Issue: 4
Pages: 239-251
ISSN: 0785-3890 (ISSN-L)
1365-2060
DOI: 10.3109/07853890009011767
OpenAlex: W2142524048
Cited by: 135
References: 99
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 1.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Annals of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
Keywords: lifestyle intervention, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, multifactorial intervention, diet, physical activity, smoking cessation, alcohol consumption reduction, secondary prevention, primary prevention, cardiovascular morbidity, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, cholesterol, blood pressure, sodium excretion, weight, number needed to treat, working-age adults
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alcohol Drinking, Blood Pressure, Body Weight, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Diet, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Prevention, Risk Factors, Smoking, Sodium, Health Behavior, Exercise, Survival Rate, Confidence Intervals, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Smoking Cessation, Outcome Assessment, Health Care

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Effectiveness of individual lifestyle interventions in reducing cardiovascular disease and risk factors

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