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Non-binary or genderqueer genders
Open accessAbstract
Some people have a gender which is neither male nor female and may identify as both male and female at one time, as different genders at different times, as no gender at all, or dispute the very idea of only two genders. The umbrella terms for such genders are 'genderqueer' or 'non-binary' genders. Such gender identities outside of the binary of female and male are increasingly being recognized in legal, medical and psychological systems and diagnostic classifications in line with the emerging presence and advocacy of these groups of people. Population-based studies show a small percentage--but a sizable proportion in terms of raw numbers--of people who identify as non-binary. While such genders have been extant historically and globally, they remain marginalized, and as such--while not being disorders or pathological in themselves--people with such genders remain at risk of victimization and of minority or marginalization stress as a result of discrimination. This paper therefore reviews the limited literature on this field and considers ways in which (mental) health professionals may assist the people with genderqueer and non-binary gender identities and/or expressions they may see in their practice. Treatment options and associated risks are discussed.
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“As a result, people experiencing some form of gender incongruence who would previously be considered non-transsexual [135], and therefore not eligible for ‘classical’ gender affirming treatment (hormones first, followed by various types of surgery), may now be eligible for some form of medical treatment.”
From Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies (2020) · cites this paper as [135]
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“Retention helps to preserve access to care for a vulnerable and already stigmatized group [135].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Richards, C., Bouman, W. P., Seal, L., Barker, M. J., Nieder, T. O., & T’Sjoen, G.
- Affiliations
- Charing Cross Hospital (GB)
- The Open University (GB)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Richards, Christina
- Venue
- International Review of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-01-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 95-102
- ISSN
- 0954-0261 (ISSN-L)
- 1369-1627
- OpenAlex
- W2233865108
- Cited by
- 782
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 11.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- biblio.ugent.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- International Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Keywords
- non-binary gender, genderqueer, gender identity, gender expression, gender binary, marginalization, discrimination, victimization, minority stress, mental health professionals, treatment options, diagnostic classification
- MeSH terms
- Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Sexual Behavior, Transsexualism, Homosexuality, Male, Homosexuality, Female, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Transgender Persons
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