Cited by 782LGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicyGender and Feminist StudiesGender Roles and Identity Studies

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Non-binary or genderqueer genders

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Richards, Christina, Bouman, Walter Pierre, Seal, Leighton, Barker, Meg John, Nieder, Timo O., T’Sjoen, Guy·2016·International Review of Psychiatry

DOI 10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446

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Abstract

Some people have a gender which is neither male nor female and may identify as both male and female at one time, as different genders at different times, as no gender at all, or dispute the very idea of only two genders. The umbrella terms for such genders are 'genderqueer' or 'non-binary' genders. Such gender identities outside of the binary of female and male are increasingly being recognized in legal, medical and psychological systems and diagnostic classifications in line with the emerging presence and advocacy of these groups of people. Population-based studies show a small percentage--but a sizable proportion in terms of raw numbers--of people who identify as non-binary. While such genders have been extant historically and globally, they remain marginalized, and as such--while not being disorders or pathological in themselves--people with such genders remain at risk of victimization and of minority or marginalization stress as a result of discrimination. This paper therefore reviews the limited literature on this field and considers ways in which (mental) health professionals may assist the people with genderqueer and non-binary gender identities and/or expressions they may see in their practice. Treatment options and associated risks are discussed.

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Authors: Richards, C., Bouman, W. P., Seal, L., Barker, M. J., Nieder, T. O., & T’Sjoen, G.
Affiliations: Charing Cross Hospital (GB)
The Open University (GB)
University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
Corresponding author: Richards, Christina
ORCID: Richards, Christina
Bouman, Walter Pierre
Seal, Leighton
Nieder, Timo O.
Venue: International Review of Psychiatry
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2016-01-02
Volume: 28
Issue: 1
Pages: 95-102
ISSN: 0954-0261 (ISSN-L)
1369-1627
DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446
OpenAlex: W2233865108
Cited by: 782
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 7
FWCI: 11.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
biblio.ugent.be
Licence: other-oa
Locations: International Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Keywords: non-binary gender, genderqueer, gender identity, gender expression, gender binary, marginalization, discrimination, victimization, minority stress, mental health professionals, treatment options, diagnostic classification
MeSH terms: Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Sexual Behavior, Transsexualism, Homosexuality, Male, Homosexuality, Female, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Transgender Persons

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